Meg Whitman

The black cat essays

The black cat essays The Black Cat The fall of the House of Usher In his first sentence he writes that he wants to tell his story for the most wild yet most homely narratives. He neither expect nor solicit belief. It sets the tone on whether or not you want to believe what he is about to say. He speaks of household events that occur and he doesnt want to expound on them, but he does go into every detail of the events that lead to his arrest. His first encounter with a black cat which in some cultures is symbolic of evil or satanic is just the opposite in the beginning. He even names the black cat Pluto which is the Roman God of the underworld. He has a friendship with the animal that lasts for several years. During that time he feeds it and the black cat follows him all around the house and even follows him when he is walking down the street. He uses the excuse of being an alcoholic as the reason why he maltreated his pets. His disposition went from happy to moody, irritable and more regardless of feelings of others. Which only can be contributed to his excessive drinking? His pets and his wife were made to feel the brunt of his temperament. The black cat was the only one who was not maltreated. But that was soon to change. Because during one of his gin-nurtured haunts about town, upon arriving home he fancied that the black cat avoided his presence. ...

Company law for accountants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Company law for accountants - Essay Example Promoters are involved in the formation of a company and deal with formalities of a companys registration, finding share holders and negotiations for new company business contracts. However, companies which are not yet been incorporated cannot enforce contract because they have not attain a legal status to attain contractual rights or sustain contractual liabilities existing from a pre-incorporation agreement and therefore the pre-incorporation agreements cannot oblige a company or the other parties involved. No action could be taken against candy because of the following reasons. First, the company directors knew that candy was bankrupt pursuant to the court order dated 23rd June 2011 and therefore, he was legally prohibited from managing, forming or promoting a limited company unless he gets an explicit permission from the court. But Becky, one of the directors, knew candy’s plan (of promoting the company) but did nothing to stop or inform candy about the court order regarding his bankruptcy and the implications thereafter. It was therefore unlawful for Becky that even having known that candy was bankrupt, he went ahead and allowed him to negotiate with yuenshiu on an exclusive agreement on behave of the company (gallery company) that once formed, it would take yuenshiu’s output and sell it in return for 50% commission on the first year and with opportunity to extend for further five year and at 40%. It was illegal that candy had to use the inside knowledge of the company to profit at the expense of other investors’. Candy seems to both a share holder and a promoter of the company. Has a promoter, candy must not make secret profits out of promotion of the new company. For example she ought to have disclosed to the company that he had received a gift as a result of the transaction between her on behaves of the company and yuenshiu the investor. Candy was also

Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Art History - Essay Example According to this movement, reason and logic led people into war and therefore they were against capitalism. Fountain is one the greatest Duchamp’s works and this piece of art is dated 1917. This piece of art is well known for the production of readymade or found objects of visual art. It is also important to understand that this piece of art has a close relationship with the dada movement. As already mentioned above, Dadaism was against the strict logic and reasoning and productions like the fountain was meant to change the focus of art from the traditional visual to mental. Theo van Doesburg is also one of the Dadaist artists who had similar opinions of changing the focus of the traditional art to modernism. According to this artist, art was not meant to just please the eyes but also to appease the mind. His works closely resembles Duchamp’s work of cubism. The two artists based their works on change of ideologies as they argued that lack of change in ideology is what resulted into the First World War. Their main aim of art was to show retaliation against capitalism in most countries across Europe and America. Theo van Doesburg made large drawings, writings and other studies regarding large glasses. This artist desired the accommodation of modernity with his style commonly used in modern industrial products. This is also similar to Duchamp especially his work on the fountain. The urinal is commonly used in the toilets. It is also important to understand that the formation of glasses and tiles as pieces of art is majorly influenced with these two artists. Besides this Doesburg was also much concerned about alphabetical designs something that is argued to be an influence from his witty chess game (Baljeu). He is reported to be a lover of chess and this influenced most of his art work. A good example is the formation of the vertical word of zig-zag in 1931. The artists aimed at stripping words their

Select a historic building that you consider to be at-risk and Assignment

Select a historic building that you consider to be at-risk and suitable for rescue by a Building Preservation Trust - Assignment Example Rothesay Pavilion still continues to act as the center of the island community for many activities being that it has a large carrying capacity (Primack, 2003). Until then, the building management team, the council and the entire population were not aware how important Pavilion was to the surrounding location. When it was neglected, the community came to realize how multi-activity pavilion was including fitness, leisure, accommodation, attraction site to visit to mention but a few (Eberhardt & Thomas, 2011). When the council realized the importance of the pavilion which was at a great risk of losing its Art Deco splendor, tourist center and generally how it positively impact on the environment, they ordered for a rebirth of pavilion to restore back its beauty. The process of achieving regeneration and restoration was not all that easy with pavilion managers alone but it became a successful activity with the involvement of the prince’s regeneration Trust. The regeneration of Rot hesay pavilion has received support from the Heritage Lottery Fund with a great amount of development funding (Becker et al, 2009). ... th the endorsement of regeneration activity, the local project will therefore progress with the input of funds from the various sources in order to create and develop a strategy to the BPT as the charity group in ensuring that the project is completed early in 2016. Its completion will restore back the functions it used to serve of being a cultural center, visitor attraction which will change the Rothesay seafront and impact positively on the economy of the area and the United Kingdom at large (Fanger, 2000). The involvement of the Prince’s Regeneration trust gave Scotland a real progress in the resurgence of the Rothesay Pavilion to its initial cultural venue for the community (Fanger, 2000). It would not only serve an important heritage but also a positive regeneration of the town. The pavilion is a building that is loved by so many people because of its unique architectural style and so many memories it holds for the people. Therefore, the main goal the entire population sh ould have is that is to bring back the beauty, magnificence and greatness back to the Pavilion its initial glorious state (Becker et al, 2009). The only challenge at Rothesay is not only to organize for the funds for restoration of this iconic building but also to reinvent as a feasible community building that will have an appeal to visitors nationally (Eberhardt & Thomas, 2011). It is therefore important for the restoration of the building in order to avoid many logistics involved in the environmental planning in setting up a new building. This initiative also helps in environmental conservation by avoiding new constructions which that can lead to land denudation as a result of ground excavation during new construction. Hence, restoration of the already existing buildings is the best

Projet de thèse professionnelle

Projet de thà ¨se professionnelle Projet de thà ¨se professionnelle  «Faut-il rà ©glementer et contrà ´ler davantage les entreprises qui communiquent sur leurs engagements responsables, afin de pouvoir dà ©celer celles qui pratiquent le Greenwashing ? » Il existe trois catà ©gories de communication: Les deux premià ¨res font parties de la communication externe cest-à  -dire celle qui sadresse à   lenvironnement de lentreprise. la communication dite institutionnelle: Elle met en avant les engagements et les valeurs de lentreprise. Elle permet de sensibiliser le public à   des enjeux de socià ©tà © importants, et parfois mà ªme au soutien de grandes causes. La plupart du temps, les agences qui rà ©alisent ces campagnes publicitaires le font à   titre gracieux: on parle de campagne  «pro bono » (bà ©nà ©vole). la communication dite  «produit/service »: Issue de la stratà ©gie marketing, elle vise à   promouvoir un produit ou un service, soit directement auprà ¨s des consommateurs, soit indirectement auprà ¨s des prescripteurs tels que les journalistes. Ces deux types de communication font parties de la communication publicitaire. Ces communications sont destinà ©es à   porter à   la connaissance dun public lexistence dun produit, dun service (communication  «produit/service) ou dune action (communication institutionnelle). Elles visent à   susciter ou à   accroà ®tre le dà ©sir dacquà ©rir ce produit, dutiliser ce service ou de modifier un comportement. La dernià ¨re catà ©gorie de communication se diffà ©rencie des autres. Elle na pas les mà ªmes cibles. la communication dite interne: Dirigà ©e vers les salarià ©s de lentreprise. Ce type de communication consiste à   informer et expliquer de manià ¨re optimum lenvironnement qui entoure les salarià ©s, les guider autant que possible, et crà ©er un climat de confiance et dappartenance à   lentreprise afin de maximiser les performances de lorganisation. Le secteur emploie aujourdhui prà ¨s de 70 000 personnes en France; les entreprises lont bien compris, la communication reprà ©sente un facteur de croissance à ©conomique. Dans le cadre de cette thà ¨se, nous allons nous concentrer davantage sur la communication qui nous intà ©resse, celle dite institutionnelle. On constate que le secteur de la communication a du retard face à   sa responsabilità © environnementale, contrairement aux autres secteurs, mais il est en train de rattraper son retard, comme nous pourront le voir par la suite. II/ Justification de la problà ©matique Intà ©ressà ©e depuis mon plus jeune à ¢ge par là ©cologie puis plus rà ©cemment par le dà ©veloppement durable, il à ©tait à ©vident pour moi que ma thà ¨se professionnelle porte sur ce sujet. Étant en majeure Marketing et Communication, jai choisi en tant que sujet large la communication des entreprises sur le dà ©veloppement durable. Communiquer sur une dà ©marche de dà ©veloppement durable permet aujourdhui aux entreprises damà ©liorer (ou de maintenir) leur image. En effet, de nos jours, les entreprises sont trà ¨s soucieuses de limage quelles reflà ¨tent dans lesprit des consommateurs. Cette image est omniprà ©sente en communication dentreprise (interne et externe). Elle permet de và ©hiculer rapidement et efficacement un message synthà ©tique et constitue une rà ©elle valeur ajoutà ©e dans la communication. Depuis quelques annà ©es, avec la mà ©diatisation des dà ©sastres environnementaux (tels que la dà ©forestation ou le rà ©chauffement climatique) et les rà ©sultats dà ©tudes scientifiques alarmants sur là ©puisement de nos ressources naturelles , nous assistons à   une prise de conscience de la part des pouvoirs publics, de certaines entreprises mais aussi des citoyens. Ces derniers deviennent de plus en plus soucieux du sort de notre planà ¨te, mais aussi plus critiques face à   notre mode de vie, notre manià ¨re de produire et de consommer. Les mentalità ©s changent, et les achats responsables se multiplient. De plus en plus de personnes se disent prà ªtes à   payer plus cher un produit issu du commerce à ©quitable, ou du moins en accord avec la nature et l‘à ©thique. Ces personnes sont à   lorigine dune nouvelle faà §on de penser et dacheter: on les appelle les  «consomacteurs ». Les entreprises lont compris, actuellement, pour garder leur image ou lamà ©liorer, il faut quelles soient respectueuses de lenvironnement et soucieuses de son avenir. Beaucoup dentre elles ont donc adoptà © une stratà ©gie de communication verte revendiquant ainsi leurs engagements pour le respect de lenvironnement et pour une socià ©tà © durable. Nà ©anmoins, se forment deux catà ©gories dentreprises qui communiquent: celles qui ont rà ©ellement pris conscience de lurgence de cet engagement et qui ont concrà ¨tement modifià © leur manià ¨re de produire et de consommer. Le meilleur exemple que jai trouvà © pour illustrer cette catà ©gorie est celui de lentreprise industrielle Lafargue, qui, depuis 30 ans poursuit une politique environnementale ambitieuse en intà ©grant lenvironnement au coeur de la stratà ©gie du groupe comme un facteur de compà ©titività ©. celles qui profitent de leffet de mode du dà ©veloppement durable, pour en faire leur publicità ©, sans pour autant prendre dengagements rà ©els dans cedomaine. Elles pratiquent ce que lon appelle le greenwashing (à ©coblanchiment en Franà §ais). Cette dernià ¨re catà ©gorie dentreprises dà ©crà ©dibilise totalement le concept du dà ©veloppement durable ainsi que ses enjeux urgents. Les consommateurs ne savent plus qui ment et qui dit la và ©rità ©. Certains pensent mà ªme que le concept de dà ©veloppement durable est purement commerciale (un peu comme Halloween en France). Face à   ce phà ©nomà ¨ne, on peut alors se demander: Faudrait-il rà ©glementer et contrà ´ler davantage les entreprises qui communiquent sur leurs engagements dans le dà ©veloppement durable, afin de pouvoir dà ©celer celles qui pratiquent le greenwashing? III/ Concepts, mots-clà ©s Plusieurs mots clà ©s nà ©cessitent des dà ©finitions et explications: Communication: La communication (externe) dà ©signe lensemble des moyens mis en oeuvre pour diffuser des informations sur un produit dans une optique de vente. Malgrà © là ©volution des termes ( «rà ©clame » dans les annà ©es 1930,  «publicità ©Ã‚ » dans les annà ©es 1970 et  «communication » aujourdhui), le but de la communication a toujours à ©tà © de faire vendre des produits, des services, pour le compte dannonceurs et toujours afin de gà ©nà ©rer un retour sur investissement. Elle sert à ©galement à   augmenter la notorià ©tà © de produits, dorganisations, dentreprises et à   promouvoir leurs images. Son rà ´le est ,par consà ©quent, avant tout à ©conomique. Elle permet ainsi aux entreprises de crà ©er de la richesse et des emplois en dà ©veloppant leur notorià ©tà © et leurs dà ©bouchà ©s commerciaux sur des marchà ©s de plus en plus vaste et concurrentiels. Dà ©veloppement durable: Terme issu de lexpression anglophone  «sustainable development ». Selon la Commission Mondiale sur lEnvironnement et le Dà ©veloppement, le dà ©veloppement durable peut se dà ©finir de manià ¨re consensuelle comme  «la capacità © des gà ©nà ©rations prà ©sentes à   satisfaire leurs besoins sans compromettre laptitude des gà ©nà ©rations futures à   couvrir leurs propres besoins. » Cette dà ©finition donnà ©e en 1987 manque de prà ©cision. Le dà ©veloppement durable est une alternative au modà ¨le de dà ©veloppement actuel (excà ¨s, gà ¢chis, surexploitation, surconsommation). Face à   lurgence de la crise à ©cologique et de là ©puisement des ressources, seule lidà ©e dune croissance à ©conomique en accord avec les principes environnementaux permettra à   lhomme de survivre durablement dans des conditions favorables. Ci-dessous le schà ©ma rà ©capitulatif du dà ©veloppement durable autour de ses trois piliers: le Social, lÉconomique et lÉcologique. Le dà ©veloppement durable repose sur un certain nombre de principes: La prà ©caution, la prà ©vention et lanticipation (mà ªme en labsence de certitude scientifique) La solidarità © (sociale, gà ©ographique et gà ©nà ©rationnelle) Le dialogue ( avec lensemble des  «parties prenantes ») Là ©thique et la bonne gouvernance ( transparence de lentreprise, interne et externe) La responsabilità © (par exemple le concept du pollueur/ payeur) Greenwashing: Terme anglophone pouvant à ªtre traduit par  «verdissement dimage », mais il est à ©galement appelà ©  «Ãƒ ©co-blanchiment » ou  «maquillage vert ». Le Greenwashing consiste à   mettre en avant les efforts dune entreprise en termes de dà ©veloppement durable et de protection de lenvironnement, alors mà ªme que ces efforts ne sont pas rà ©els. Ce terme trouve son origine dans la contraction des mots  «green » (vert) et  «brainwashing » (lavage de cerveau). Il a à ©tà © employà © pour la premià ¨re fois dans le titre dun article de la revue  «Mother Jones » au dà ©but des annà ©es 1990. Le terme est aussi utilisà © pour dà ©signer le rapprochement dune entreprise avec lONU dans le cadre du Global Compact. Publicità © mensongà ¨re: Selon le Code du Droit des Affaires,  «la publicità © mensongà ¨re est une dà ©formation de la publicità © commerciale qui prà ©sente le produit ou le bien à   vendre, prestation de services à   accomplir, sous un jour trompeur et inexact en vue dattirer ladhà ©sion de la clientà ¨le. » Il faut distinguer la publicità © mensongà ¨re de la publicità © trompeuse. Une publicità © est mensongà ¨re lorsquelle contient une information fausse, alors quune publicità © de nature à   induire en erreur (interaction ou omission de certains à ©là ©ments dans le message)est trompeuse pour le consommateur (mà ªme si elle ne comporte pas de fausses informations). La publicità © mensongà ¨re ou trompeuse constitut un dà ©lit depuis la loi du 2 Juillet 1963. Cette loi a par la suite à ©tà © remplacà ©e par larticle 44 de la Loi Royer du 27 Dà ©cembre 1973, afin dà ©tendre le champ dapplication du texte. Dà ¨s que la publicità © mensongà ¨re ou trompeuse est communiquà ©e au public, il y a dà ©lit (il est instantanà ©e). Nà ©anmoins, pour quil y ait infraction ,il faut dabord une và ©ritable publicità ©, cest-à  -dire des actes destinà ©s à   attirer lattention du public, soit par voie à ©crite, soit par voie orale ou visuelle. Publicità ©: Forme de communication cherchant à   attirer lattention dun public prà ©alablement ciblà © (consommateur, usager, utilisateur, ), dans le but de linciter à   adopter un comportement souhaità © (acte dachat, à ©lection dune personnalità © politique incitation à   là ©conomie dà ©nergie, ) Selon le Code du Droit des Affaires, tout moyen dinformation du public portant sur la composition dun produit constitue une publicità © dà ¨s lors quil accompagne lobjet proposà © et que le consommateur est conduit à   en prendre connaissance pour guider son choix. IV/ Synthà ¨se provisoire de littà ©rature Problà ©matique: Faudrait-il contrà ´ler et rà ©glementer davantage les entreprises qui communiquent sur leurs engagements dans le dà ©veloppement durable, afin de pouvoir dà ©celer celles qui pratiquent le Greenwashing? Face à   cette problà ©matique, plusieurs hypothà ¨ses sont à   poser. Tout dabord, une premià ¨re notion doit à ªtre và ©rifià ©e. Le dà ©veloppement durable est-il un concept acquis par la socià ©tà ©? Les Franà §ais savent-ils le dà ©finir? Ont-ils pris conscience des enjeux quil relà ¨ve? Ho: La notion de dà ©veloppement durable est acquise en France. En 1999, 12 ans aprà ¨s la naissance de ce concept, seuls 9% des Franà §ais donnaient un contenu à   cette notion. Deux ans plus tard, Monoprix et EDF lanà §aient leurs campagnes sur le dà ©veloppement durable. La premià ¨re campagne de sensibilisation  « le dà ©veloppement daccord mais seulement sil est durable » a accà ©là ©rà © le mouvement, 20 % des Franà §ais comprenaient alors ce concept. En 2007, seulement 65% des Franà §ais interrogà ©s à ©taient capables den parler Aujourdhui, en 2010,  «le dà ©veloppement durable » est une expression qui fait partie du langage courant. Selon une enquà ªte rà ©alisà ©e par le Ministà ¨re de lÉcologie, de lÉnergie, du Dà ©veloppement durable et de la Mer, 97% des Franà §ais dà ©clarent avoir dà ©jà   entendu parler de lexpression. Ce fort pourcentage est en partie due à   toute la communication à   ce sujet (campagnes de sensibilisation, crà ©ation dun ministà ¨re dà ©dià © à   lenvironnement, publicità © verte en pleine expansion, ). Pas plus tard quaujourdhui, jai pu constater lampleur que ce concept prend petit à   petit dans la socià ©tà ©. En effet, des dizaines de panneaux publicitaires annoncent la semaine consacrà ©e du 1er au 7 avril, consacrà ©e au dà ©veloppement durable . Voici quelques exemples parmi tant dautres de publicità © que lon peut voir actuellement dans les rues de Paris. Notre premià ¨re hypothà ¨se est và ©rifià ©e. Effectivement, et heureusement, en 2010, la grande majorità © des Franà §ais se prà ©occupent, plus ou moins, de lavenir de notre planà ¨te. Tout le monde sait par exemple que les piles ne se jettent pas à   la poubelle, quon ne laisse pas leau couler quand on se brosse les dents, que la douche vaut mieux quun bain, ou encore quil faut faire une croix sur les fraises en Dà ©cembre. Ces petits gestes du quotidien, les Franà §ais sont de plus en plus nombreux à   les faire. Ils changent leurs comportements et leurs habitudes. Ce changement de mentalità ©, les entreprises lont bien remarquà © et analysà ©. Nous verrons par la suite comment elles sy sont adaptà ©es, alors que la tendance du  «moins consommer, consommer mieux » sinstalle progressivement dans le pays. Maintenant que notre premià ¨re hypothà ¨se est và ©rifià ©e, nous devons chercher à   savoir: existe-t-il dà ©jà   une rà ©glementation et un contrà ´le effectuà © sur la communication publicitaire faà ®tes par les entreprises? Si oui, alors quelle autorità © est compà ©tente? H1: La communication publicitaire des entreprises est rà ©glementà ©e et contrà ´là ©e. Des autorità ©s sont chargà ©es de la bonne application des rà ¨gles. Le secteur de la communication dispose dun encadrement rà ©glementaire. Il existe en France deux grands principes de cet encadrement: la rà ©gulation et lautorà ©gulation. Le premier principe, la rà ©gulation, est dictà © par le cadre là ©gislatif et juridique franà §ais, via les lois. Il doit à ©galement à ªtre conforme à   des lois au niveau europà ©en, appelà ©es directives. On peut par exemple citer la 2006/114/CE qui dà ©finit comme trompeuse  «toute publicità © qui, dune manià ¨re quelconque, y compris sa prà ©sentation, induit en erreur ou est susceptible dinduire en erreur les personnes auxquelles elle sadresse ou quelle touche et qui, en raison de son caractà ¨re trompeur, est susceptible daffecter leur comportement à ©conomique ou qui, pour ces raisons, porte prà ©judice ou est susceptible de porter prà ©judice à   un concurrent ». Le deuxià ¨me principe, lautorà ©gulation, est reprà ©sentà © par le Code de lICC (Chambre Internationale du Commerce). Il sagit des limites qui encadrent la publicità ©, au-delà   des obligations là ©gales, visant à   ce que le consommateur ne soit pas trompà ©, choquà ©, induit en erreur, ou incità © à   reproduire des comportements nocifs, dangereux. Il existe des instances qui ont pour rà ´le dappliquer ces principes et de sassurer de leur bonne exà ©cution. Plusieurs autorità ©s sont compà ©tentes pour rà ©guler la publicità © franà §aise. La premià ¨re et sà »rement la plus importante sappelle lARPP (Autorità © de Rà ©gulation Professionnelle de la Publicità ©). Elle a pour mission de mener une action en faveur dune publicità © loyale, và ©ridique et saine, dans lintà ©rà ªt des consommateurs, du public et des professionnels de la publicità ©. Les contrà ´les de lARPP se font autant avant la diffusion de la publicità © quaprà ¨s. En France, les professionnels savent quil y a des rà ¨gles à   respecter quant à   la manià ¨re de faire une publicità ©. Ces rà ¨gles obà ©issent à   une triple logique danticipation, de concertation et de responsabilisation. Nà ©anmoins, ces rà ¨gles portent uniquement sur le contenu de la publicità ©, et en aucun cas sur les questions relatives à   la promotion du produit ou service. Ce nest pas le cas de toutes les autorità ©s. En effet, le Conseil Paritaire de la Publicità © (CPP), le Conseil de lÉthique Publicitaire (CEP) et le Comità © de rà ©daction sont des instances associà ©s à   lARPP qui gà ¨re toutes rà ©glementations en amont (cest-à  -dire avant la diffusion au public de la publicità ©) Le CEP agit principalement sur les problà ¨mes dordre à ©thique que contiendraient une publicità ©. Le CPP, lui , sert dintermà ©diaire entre l‘ARPP et les associations (qui ont des attentes face au contenu des publicità ©s). Enfin, le Jury de Dà ©ontologie Publicitaire (JPD) contrà ´le les publicità ©s en aval, donc aprà ¨s leur diffusion. Il a pour mission de communiquer les plaintes faà ®tes à   lencontre de publicità ©s et de campagnes dà ©rogeant aux rà ¨gles à ©tablies. Pour finir, lARPP ne reà §oit aucune subvention de la part de lÉtat: elle est complà ¨tement indà ©pendante. La deuxià ¨me instance compà ©tente en matià ¨re de contrà ´le publicitaire est connue: il sagit du Conseil Supà ©rieur de lAudiovisuel (CSA)C‘est un peu la police de la publicità © (et plus gà ©nà ©ralement de l‘audiovisuel). Il sassure du respect par tous les opà ©rateurs des lois et de la rà ©glementation de la communication audiovisuelle en vigueur. Il est en droit de sanctionner ceux qui sont en infraction contrairement à   l‘ARPP qui n‘a qu‘un rà ´le de contrà ´le. Le CSA est une autorità © administrative à ©galement indà ©pendante des pouvoirs publics. Dautres instances secondaires ou indirectes peuvent à ©galement intervenir de temps à   autre face aux entreprises qui ne respecteraient pas les rà ©glementations là ©gales obligatoires dans leurs publicità ©s. (par exemple la direction gà ©nà ©rale de la concurrence, de la consommation et de la rà ©pression des fraudes ou encore des associations chargà ©es de la protection des consommateurs). De nombreuses recommandations ont à ©tà © crà ©Ãƒ ©s concernant le domaine du dà ©veloppement durable. La dernià ¨re a à ©tà © validà ©e le 18 juin 2009 par le Conseil dAdministration de lARPP: il sagit des nouvelles rà ¨gles de dà ©ontologie publicitaire, qui ont à ©tà © rà ©Ãƒ ©crites conformà ©ment à   lengagement pris dans la Charte pour une publicità © à ©co-responsable signà ©e en avril 2008 avec les pouvoirs publics. Ces rà ¨gles se rà ©sument en deux axes: quand il y a une promesse relative au dà ©veloppement durable: ne pas induire le consommateur en erreur. dans tous les cas, ne pas reprà ©senter de comportements contraires aux principes communà ©ment admis du dà ©veloppement durable. La premià ¨re hypothà ¨se est và ©rifià ©e, comme on la vu ci-dessus, le secteur de la publicità © est bel et bien rà ©glementer. Pourtant, le Greenwashing est un phà ©nomà ¨ne bien prà ©sent. On a à ©galement constater que ces instances sont toutes indà ©pendantes. On peut alors se demander si ces juridictions sont assez compà ©tentes? Doivent-elles à ªtre renforcà ©es par une intervention des pouvoirs publics afin de mieux surveiller les entreprises, et de stopper toute action de Greenwashing ? Doit-on crà ©er une instance spà ©cifique au dà ©veloppement durable, pour gà ©rer ce phà ©nomà ¨ne? H2: Une intervention des pouvoirs publics est nà ©cessaire pour garantir le respect des rà ¨gles de la communication publicitaire. Dix ans aprà ¨s la signature du protocole de Kyoto en 1997 sest crà ©Ãƒ © un grand ministà ¨re de lÉcologie, de lÉnergie, du Dà ©veloppement durable et de lAmà ©nagement du Territoire. Cette mà ªme annà ©e se dà ©roula le Grenelle de lEnvironnement (octobre 2007). Ces deux actions tà ©moignent de la volontà © des pouvoirs publics de faire de lenvironnement une priorità © nationale. Lors dinterrogatoires, les Franà §ais sont nombreux à   penser que ce nest ni aux citoyens, ni aux entreprises dagir et de prendre des mesures environnementales mais bel et bien aux pouvoirs publics de rà ©glementer et dexercer un contrà ´le sur leurs propres rà ©glementations. LÉtat franà §ais a mis en place des actions de sensibilisation au dà ©veloppement durable, et exige des rà ¨gles dà ©ontologiques à   ce sujet. Il se dit prà ªt à   renforcer les contraintes et les obligations envers les entreprises, sans à ©pargner le secteur de la communication. Le parlement europà ©en est intervenu rà ©cemment sur la question de limpact du marketing et de la publicità © (avec par exemple le lien entre la maigreur des mannequins et les comportements alimentaires des adolescentes). Cette thà ©matique pourrait aboutir à   davantage de rà ©glementations, comme par exemple, un encadrement plus strict de lespace publicitaire (type affichage) ou encore laccà ¨s à   limage limità © pour des produits polluants. LÉtat doit donc rà ©glementer davantage le secteur de la publicità © tant au niveau national quau niveau europà ©en. Nà ©anmoins, il na pas pour rà ´le de contrà ´ler ce domaine car des autorità ©s telles que lARPP ou le CSA sont compà ©tentes pour cette mission. De plus, louverture de lARPP aux associations devrait se traduire par une sensibilità © accrue sur les questions environnementales et des pratiques mieux pensà ©es en amont. Si cela nà ©tait pas le cas, une intervention rà ©glementaire serait alors possible. Lhypothà ¨se H1 nest pas và ©rifià ©e. Effectivement, lÉtat a pour rà ´le dencadrer et de rà ©glementer le secteur de la communication publicitaire mais cela doit se faire sans intervention de sa part car des instances sont là   pour se charger de la bonne application de ces rà ¨gles. Nà ©anmoins, il serait judicieux pour ces instances de crà ©er un service spà ©cifique, uniquement rà ©servà © aux publicità ©s vertes, aux problà ¨mes de Greenwashing et plus largement au dà ©veloppement durable. Nous avons vu que le secteur de la communication publicitaire à ©tait rà ©glementà © et contrà ´là © par des autorità ©s compà ©tentes et que les rà ¨gles à   lencontre de toute publicità ©  «verte » mensongà ¨re sà ©taient multiplià ©es depuis ces dernià ¨res annà ©es afin de mieux surveiller toute enfreinte. On peut alors se demander quelles sont les consà ©quences à   la non obà ©issance de ces rà ¨gles pour les entreprises? Que risquent-elles? H3 : Les entreprises qui pratiquent le Greenwashing sexposent à   de lourdes sanctions. Pour và ©rifier cette hypothà ¨se, il faut dabord se demander si le Greenwashing peut-à ªtre qualifià © de  «publicità © mensongà ¨re ». Selon la dà ©finition de la publicità © mensongà ¨re, qui consiste à   cacher un à ©là ©ment du produit ou du service afin dattirer ladhà ©sion de la clientà ¨le, le Greenwashing reprà ©sente bel et bien une sorte de publicità © mensongà ¨re (ou publicità © trompeuse), car les entreprises font croire aux consommateurs potentiels ce quils ont envi dentendre. Le dà ©lit de publicità © mensongà ¨re est instantanà ©e (le caractà ¨re trompeur sapprà ©cie dà ¨s le moment oà ¹ la publicità © est communiquà ©e au public). Selon le dictionnaire permanent du Droit des Affaires,  «mà ªme sil se manifeste lors de chaque communication au public, le dà ©lit de publicità © mensongà ¨re constitue une infraction unique qui ne peut à ªtre poursuivie et sanctionnà ©e quune seule fois. » Selon les articles L. 121-6 et L. 213-1, les infractions à   la rà ©glementation sur la publicità © mensongà ¨re sont passibles des sanctions suivantes: amende pouvant aller jusquà   37 500 euros. emprisonnement dune durà ©e maximum de deux ans. Les peines annoncà ©es peuvent à ªtre cumulables ou non (selon la gravità © du mensonge ou de la tromperie) De plus le maximum de lamende prà ©vue ci-dessus peut-à ªtre portà © à   50% des dà ©penses de la publicità © constituant le dà ©lit. En cas de rà ©cidive, les plafonds des amendes diffà ¨rent. (selon la clà ©mence des magistrats). Le tribunal peut exiger de la part des parties ou de lannonceur la communication de documents utiles ou de justificatifs . En cas de refus, il est en droit de saisir ces documents, et peut prononcer des pà ©nalità ©s de retard allant jusquà   4 500 euros par jour à   compter de la date de demande des documents. En tout à ©tat de cause, la sanction de la publicità © mensongà ¨re ne peut pas à ªtre assortie de linterdiction des droits civiques. Nà ©anmoins, le ministà ¨re public, le juge dinstruction ou le tribunal saisi des poursuites peuvent tous les trois ordonner la cessation de la publicità ©: cette mesure est exà ©cutoire nonobstant toutes voies de recours. Notre hypothà ¨se est và ©rifià ©e; des sanctions importantes sont appliquà ©es si les entreprises pratiquent de la publicità © mensongà ¨re ou trompeuse. Pourtant, pour de puissantes entreprises, les montants des amendes ne reprà ©sentent que trà ¨s peu, en tout cas pas assez pour les dissuader denfreindre la rà ©glementation. On sait maintenant que les entreprises pratiquant le Greenwashing prennent des risques et sexposent à   des sanctions importantes. On peut alors se demander quels sont les risques du Greenwashing, pour les entreprises qui prennent de rà ©els engagements environnementaux? H4 : Le Greenwashing dà ©crà ©dibilise le concept du dà ©veloppement durable ainsi que les entreprises qui sengagent dans de rà ©elles dà ©marches environnementales. La tentation de pratiquer le Greenwashing est grande pour les entreprises: elles rà ©pondent aux attentes des consommateurs en communiquant sur ce quils veulent entendre: qualità © du produit, à ©thique de lentreprise qui se dit irrà ©prochable du point de vue social et environnemental. Comme on la vu ci-dessus, ces pratiques qualifià ©es de  «verdissement frauduleux » sont dangereuses pour les entreprises malhonnà ªtes. Mais le danger le plus inquià ©tant se trouve au niveau du concept en lui-mà ªme. En effet, en le manipulant, les entreprises frauduleuses le vident de sa substance, renforà §ant ainsi la mà ©fiance, voire la dà ©fiance, des publics face à   linstitution. Certains consommateurs voient dà ©jà   à   travers le concept du dà ©veloppement durable une pure manipulation des entreprises pour se dà ©culpabiliser et se blanchir tout en assurant leurs ventes. Cette manià ¨re de penser est trà ¨s inquià ©tante quand on sait que certaines entreprises sont exemplaires dans leur politique environnementale, et que leur dà ©marche est plus que rà ©elle. Pour ces entreprises modà ¨les, le Greenwashing est dà ©sastreux en terme dimage. Beaucoup de ces entreprises trouvent dangereux de vouloir communiquer à   tout prix sur leurs engagements pris en faveur du dà ©veloppement durable. Cest pourquoi peu dentre elles communiquent à   ce sujet. Cest le cas des hypermarchà ©s  «Cora », engagà ©s depuis le dà ©but des annà ©es 90 dans une và ©ritable politique en faveur du dà ©veloppement durable. Lentreprise na jamais voulu communiquer à   ce sujet. Ces entreprises comme  «Cora «Ã‚ », pensent que la confiance est perdue dà ¨s quil y a exagà ©ration ou arrogance: elles limitent volontairement leur communication mà ªme si pour beaucoup dentre elles, le dà ©veloppement durable reprà ©sente un acte fort de management. Pour certains annonceurs,  «parler denvironnement ne peut que faire du bien à   lenvironnement ». Dans un sens, ils ont raison car grà ¢ce à   cette mà ©diatisation, la plupart des Franà §ais connaissent à   prà ©sent le dà ©veloppement durable et savent mà ªme le dà ©finir correctement. Pourtant, si des entreprises communiquent sur leurs engagements de dà ©veloppement durable, sans quaucune mesure ne soit prises en parallà ¨le, elles parlent bel et bien de respect de lenvironnement , tout en continuant à   le polluer autant quavant. De plus ce trop-plein dinformation prà ©sente à ©galement un cà ´tà © pervers. Gà ©nà ©ralement, ces informations sont donnà ©es sans explication, sans mode demploi, hors contexte, de manià ¨re incomplà ¨te voire mà ªme contradictoire. Cette vague dinformations à   outrance est contre- productive, et peut mà ªme conduire à   un  «ras-le-bol » gà ©nà ©ral des discours à ©cologiques. Face aux entreprises, qui, comme on la vu, ne communiquent que peu, il y a des entreprises, qui elles, au contraire, vont se venter de leurs produits respectueux, de leurs soucis environnementaux. En rà ©sumà ©, certaine communiquent à   outrance sur leurs faux engagements, tandis que dautres , honnà ªtes et engagà ©s, se tairont. Alors, qui ment? Qui dit la và ©rità ©? Qui se prà ©occupe vraiment de la planà ¨te? Qui se donne une image de bon samaritain alors quil ne lest pas? Le Greenwashing sà ¨me le dà ©sordre et le doute dans la tà ªte des consommateurs. On peut alors se demander quelles sont les consà ©quences du Greenwashing pour les consommateurs? Ont-ils conscience de ce phà ©nomà ¨ne vert frauduleux? H5 : Le Greenwashing renforce la mà ©fiance des consommateurs vis à   vis de lhonnà ªtetà © des entreprises. Certaines publicità ©s vont à   lencontre du concept de dà ©veloppement durable. Le phà ©nomà ¨ne de Greenwashing est loin dà ªtre marginal. 64% des grandes entreprises dà ©clarent mettre en avant  «souvent » ou  «de temps en temps » des arguments sociaux et environnementaux dans leurs communications. Certaines entreprises se disent » vertes » alors que la nature mà ªme de leur produit est en contradiction totale avec le respect de lenvironnement (exemple des entreprises automobiles, des laboratoires de produits chimiques ou encore des socià ©tà ©s pà ©trolià ¨res). Ces pratiques ont des impacts certains, comme linstauration du doute et de la confusion sur ce qui est vraiment à ©cologique et ce qui ne lest pas. Ces impacts, non nà ©gligeables, vont à   lencontre du concept de dà ©veloppement durable. On peut en rà ©pertorier trois principaux: lincitation à   lutilisation excessive de ressources et/ou dà ©nergie. Les publicità ©s nous encouragent au gà ¢chis. Par exemple, plusieurs marques de lessive encouragent les enfants à   se salir comme bon leur semblent, en insistant sur la facilità © à   faire disparaà ®tre les tà ¢ches. En tenant ce discours, ces publicità ©s encouragent les personnes à   multiplier les cycles de lavage en machine et ne tiennent pas compte des impacts que cela peut avoir sur lenvironnement. le fait de dà ©laisser un produit au profit dun autre, à   plus fort impact nà ©gatif sur la nature. Lexemple qui illustre le mieux cet impact est celui de la publicità © de Cristalline en fà ©vrier 2007, qui tenait le discours suivant:  « Qui prà ©tend que leau du robinet a toujours bon goà »t, ne doit pas en boire souvent! » La marque nous incite à   consommer de leau en bouteille, alors que leau du robinet est dune grande qualità ©, des plus contrà ´là ©es et offre une meilleure à ©quation environnementale que leau en bouteille. La ville de Paris et la socià ©tà © de gestion des eaux parisiennes ont portà © plainte contre la marque. la banalisation ou le dà ©ni denjeux environnementaux. Ainsi, la marque Diesel sortit en 2007 une publicità © montrant une gamme de và ªtements spà ©cialement adapter au rà ©chauffement du climat, et reprà ©sentant cette adaptation , face au climat , joyeuse et facile. Le constat est alarmant; en France, selon une à ©tude effectuà ©e par lARPP et lADEME, sur les 17 129 visuels publicitaires analysà ©s dans le cadre de là ©tude, 508 messages ont un lien avec lenvironnement. Sur ces 508 messages publicitaires, 62 ont fait dà ©bat et 30 ont posà ©s problà ¨mes. Lutilisation du thà ¨me environnemental dans la publicità © a à ©tà © multiplià © par 3 en un an. V/ Plan provisoire Introduction: Rappel sur lurgence de lapplication du concept de dà ©veloppement durable à   tous les niveaux et dans tous les domaines. I/ Le concept de dà ©veloppement durable: une obligation pour chacun A/ Au niveau des citoyens (par exemple le tri sà ©lectif) B/ Au niveau des pouvoirs publics et des États ( engagements à   respecter tels que le protocole de Kyoto) C/ Au niveau des entreprises ( la RSE, la loi NRE) II/ Les dà ©rives du concept: Surmà ©diatisation, phà ©nomà ¨ne de Greenwashing A/ Les causes de ces dà ©rives. B/ Les consà ©quences du verdissement dimage. III/ Le contrà ´le des dà ©rives A/ Les rà ¨glementations obligatoires en terme de communication publicitaire. B/ Les autorità ©s en charge du contrà ´le de la publicità ©. C/ Les sanctions du non respect du dispositif rà ©glementaire. Conclusion: Que faut-il mettre en p

Nelson Mandelas Long Walk To Freedom Essay -- Nelson Mandela Long Wal

Nelson Mandela in his book, Long Walk to Freedom argues through the first five parts that a black individual must deal, coop, and grow through a society that is hindering their lives' with apartheid and suppression of their rightful land. Rolihlanla Mphakanyiswa or clan name, Madiba was born on July 18, 1918 in a simple village of Mvezo, which was not accustomed to the happenings of South Africa as a whole. His father was an respected man who led a good life, but lost it because of a dispute with the magistrate. While, his mother was a hard-working woman full of daily choirs. His childhood was full of playing games with fellow children and having fun. In school, Mandela was given his English name of Nelson. After his father's death, he moved to love with a regent, who was a well-off individual and owed Nelson's father for a previous favor. The next several years were full of schooling for Nelson. These schools opened Nelson's eyes to many things, which we will discuss later. He and t he regent's son, Justice decided to travel to Johannesburg and see what work they could find. They left on their journey without the regent's permission, but eventually escaped his power and settled down in the town. In Johannesburg, Nelson settled down in a law firm as an assistant and went to University of South Africa and Witwatersrand University to further his law education. Witswatersrand University brought many new ideas to Nelson and awakened a spirit inside of him. The next several years, Nelson met many new political friends and began his involvement in the ANC. Also during this time, he met Evelyn and they became married. Gradually Nelson's political involvement grew and his family life declined. Nelson and his good friend, Oliver Tambo opened a law firm, which took up most of Nelson's time. Evelyn mothered two of Nelson's children, but the gradually grew apart. Now, Nelson was an influential political individual and bans and jailing began to follow him around. One day, a young woman came into his life by the name of Winnie and they got married. Winnie gave birth to two more of Nelson's children. As time passed, Nelson's spirit for freedom grew more and more each day. Though his life was full of bannings and jailings, he never gave up his fight, but he knew that the south African government was becoming agitated with him and the ANC. The South African government became ... ...eid of white supremacy in South Africa. Throughout the book, I have seen Nelson's open-mindedness. Nelson always listened to communist ideas and Indian goals, eventhough he did not agree with them. Nelson faced many hardships through his struggle and this had to cause some resentment against his oppressors. But if anyone would not be bias in his writing, I would say it would be Nelson Mandela. He has showed in his book that he is great individual and that he will not let his past feeling cloud his writing. You can see his feelings in his book and that is what makes it so good, but I believe he does not hide anything from us on both sides of the stories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, Mandela's autobiography is a brilliant book written by an incredible individual. I wish I could of read the whole book for this essay, but that was not possible. It is hard to write an essay on the first 5 parts when I know some things that happened further in the book. I did not know if I should include that information in the essay, but I did not involve it. This book helped to show the other side of the story. We always hear the victor's story and in this class we got to hear the other side of the story.

Seattle University Essay

Why do you feel that Seattle University is a good match with your educational goals? Seattle University’s Jesuit teaching makes this college one of my top choices. My approach to education is eerily similar to Seattle University’s mission statement. I thrive best in an environment that focuses on educating the whole person through academics and spirituality. Since faith is a key component of my life, I want an education that views intellect and faith in a complementary way. Combined with Seattle University’s emphasis on community service, I will also learn how to make an impact both locally and globally.As I grow into adulthood I want to push myself. I also want to find new ways to make a difference in my surrounding community. Through Seattle University’s various service programs, I can nurture that goal. Albeit there are many Jesuit universities scattered throughout the country, Seattle University’s Matteo Ricci College of Humanities sets it apart from all others. I am extremely fortunate to attend John F. Kennedy Memorial High School where Matteo Ricci classes are offered. I am currently taking the Public Policy/Social Justice course.The class has uncovered various avenues of critical thinking that I have never considered before. I have discovered more about myself in this one semester than I have in the previous three years of high school. I fit into the groove of Seattle University courses and their well-rounded, introspective distinctiveness. Finally, Seattle is home. I was born and raised in this eccentric city, a city whose culture is reflected by Seattle University’s student body. I prosper in diverse surroundings, because I enjoy being exposed to many different types of people and cultures. I believe there is something to learn from all walks of life.

Liz...

Liz... It was May 13th, Hillary's 15th birthday. Her mother, who treated her like a three year old insisted on taking her to a toy store to buy her something. Hillary agreed to go with her. When they walked into the toy store, Hillary flew over to the Barbie dolls. Her eyes widened with excitement. "What about this one?" the mother asked Hillary picking up a doll. She picked up a small, black haired, creepy looking doll with glass eyes. "It's great!" Hillary lied, forcing a fake smile. They paid for the doll and the two of them went back home.That night Hillary fell asleep quickly. She was worn out from all the party food, presents, and dancing at her party... Ding, ding, ding. The clock in the hallway struck 3. It was early in the morning and everyone was sound asleep except for the creepy doll named Liz.Vice President Biden swears in Secretary of State ...

Free Essays on An Eye For An Eye

An Eye for an Eye â€Å"An eye for an eye†, this quote is used often among many diversities of people; however, Edgar Allan Poe took this quote to extremes in his story The Cask of Amontillado. Poe’s usage of dramatic and verbal irony, foreshadowing and symbolism brings about a strong tale of revenge. Revenge is a feeling that has the ability to over come a person’s grip on reality. The narrator, Montresor feels that he was greatly insulted by the unfortunate Fortunado. For this reason Montresor seeks revengeance on Fortunado for his heinous crime. Dramatic irony is used when we know, or draw a conclusion of, what will happen to Fortunato, although he continues his descent into the catacombs in pursuit of the Amontillado. The sense of revenge reaches its highest peak when Poe uses irony for Montresor to inform us that he will smile in Fortunato’s face while using his wine to lure him into the catacombs to taste his imaginary Amontillado. During this scene like a fool in his costume while Montresor is leading him to his death bed. This whole time Montresor plays very innocent. Verbal irony is used to foreshadow Montresor’s plans. These plans are all sparked by his motive for revenge. This is obvious in Montresor’s concern for Fortunao’s health. Montresor tells Fortunato that his health is precious, and they should turn back so Fortunato does not become ill. Fortunato responds saying, â€Å"The cough is a mere nothing; it will not kill me†. Because Montresor knows how Fortunato will die he responds, â€Å"True, True†. Not only is this an irony because Montresor could care less about Fortunato’s health; just Montresor's advantage of carrying out his plan of revenge, but his statement, â€Å"true, true†, could also be used as foreshadowing. Montresor does not want Fortunato to die from a cough or the catacombs; he wants to be in complete control of his death. This is the only way Montresor feels he will gain his rev... Free Essays on An Eye For An Eye Free Essays on An Eye For An Eye An Eye for an Eye â€Å"An eye for an eye†, this quote is used often among many diversities of people; however, Edgar Allan Poe took this quote to extremes in his story The Cask of Amontillado. Poe’s usage of dramatic and verbal irony, foreshadowing and symbolism brings about a strong tale of revenge. Revenge is a feeling that has the ability to over come a person’s grip on reality. The narrator, Montresor feels that he was greatly insulted by the unfortunate Fortunado. For this reason Montresor seeks revengeance on Fortunado for his heinous crime. Dramatic irony is used when we know, or draw a conclusion of, what will happen to Fortunato, although he continues his descent into the catacombs in pursuit of the Amontillado. The sense of revenge reaches its highest peak when Poe uses irony for Montresor to inform us that he will smile in Fortunato’s face while using his wine to lure him into the catacombs to taste his imaginary Amontillado. During this scene like a fool in his costume while Montresor is leading him to his death bed. This whole time Montresor plays very innocent. Verbal irony is used to foreshadow Montresor’s plans. These plans are all sparked by his motive for revenge. This is obvious in Montresor’s concern for Fortunao’s health. Montresor tells Fortunato that his health is precious, and they should turn back so Fortunato does not become ill. Fortunato responds saying, â€Å"The cough is a mere nothing; it will not kill me†. Because Montresor knows how Fortunato will die he responds, â€Å"True, True†. Not only is this an irony because Montresor could care less about Fortunato’s health; just Montresor's advantage of carrying out his plan of revenge, but his statement, â€Å"true, true†, could also be used as foreshadowing. Montresor does not want Fortunato to die from a cough or the catacombs; he wants to be in complete control of his death. This is the only way Montresor feels he will gain his rev...

Alexander Wendt and Anarchy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Alexander Wendt and Anarchy - Essay Example The anarchic structure of the international system that he arrives at is logically done, even though he argues that there is no logic in anarchy. Throughout, he reiterates that an anarchic state should not be logical. According to him self-help and power are institutions and they are not essential features of anarchy. He argues: "there is no logic of anarchy apart from the practice that create and instantiate one structure of identities and interests rather than another." Thus, Wendt says 'anarchy is what states make of it'. Many critics have agreed with his point of view while some disagreed for right reasons. He mainly touches Neorealism, but returns to traditional realism, very often. He also claims that a theory that is far removed from realism is not a working model and he gains significance here. "Realism lays claims to a relevance across systems, and because it relies on a conception of human nature, rather than a historically specific structure of world politics, it can make good on this claim," says Murray (1997, p. 202). Wendt does not ignore realism completely; but instead of working within its framework, he looks beyond it for establishing his theories. There are critics who are not very comfortable with Wendt's dictum and call it a myth and Cynthia Weber is one of them. She thinks that this myth "gets us out of the (neo)realist anarchy myth in which international anarchy determines that states will compete to ensure their survival relying on self-help logics. Wendt gets us here by emphasising practice in international politics - specifically how the practice of socially constructed states make international anarchy into what it is, whatever that may be" Weber (2005, p. 74). Hence, his emphasis is on what states do and the states could be called either as authors or tails of anarchy is not unquestioningly accepted. There are criticisms that he completely ignores the situation where the states themselves could be decision makers. This statement about anarchy made by Wendt depends on his perception of territorial jurisdiction of the states which makes anarchy a self-evident concept. He says that the identities play a very crucial role in understanding how the states behave if they come under total anarchy. Spruyt (1994, p.264), while agreeing with the statement of Wendt, goes further to state that 'what anarchy means is partially determined by the nature of the units'. But to Wendt, states are people too because 'states are intentional corporate actors whose identities and interests are an important part determined by domestic politics rather than the international system (p.246). Because every state has its own 'self' and it is realistically 'self-interested'. "Understanding how international insitutions shape state identity is crucial, constructivists argue, because social identities inform the interests that motivate state action," Reus-Smit (1999, p.22). Wendt says that the arguments that apply to corporate agencies, also apply to all the states as all of them have their own ontological statuses. State does not have an entity without its people and naturally this makes the ruling few very important. The government of a state is 'the aggregate of concrete individuals who instantiate a state at a given moment' (p. 216). As they are the people with the controlling power, decisions taken by them become the decisions of the state at a given time.

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

English - Essay Example They were forced to stop all import and export of armament and to relinquish land resources. The economical ramifications were harsh. The war reparations were excessively high and would have been to the equivalent of $385 billion dollars in today's economy. They were only paid off last year but the final payment was supposed to have been paid in 1988. Politically, Germany was forced to relinquish its colonies and European provinces. The treaty was not accepted as it was considered as a "Diktat" of a sign of Guilt. It was eventually signed in 1919. The existing government resigned and the Weimer Republic was established. Nationalistic tendencies were alight as "those who had not supported the war had agreed to the signing of the treaty" (members of the Weimer Republic, Jews, Communists, and Socialists) Having been the most impacted by the Treaty, the Germans did not like the results because they felt it dealt too harshly with Germany and they had expected leniency thanks to Woodrow Wi lson's Fourteen Points. The treaty forced them to give up some of their most valued land resources, people, and money. Since German leaders were not allowed to participate in the treaty conference, and because they refused to sign and new leaders were put into place that would sign the treaty, Germans felt as if the treaty was imposed upon them. There were also many German's who refused to believe that the German military had actually been defeated. They saw no sign of an invasion of Germany so in turn believed that Germany had not lost the war. German's also thought it was unfair that Germany was stated as being entirely to blame for the war when the first shot was a Serbian shooting an Austrian. Outline I. Introduction : A. End of World War 1 B Geographical Situation of Germany II. Treaty of Versailles A. Principle Clauses B. Clauses involving Germany 1. Sign of Guilt 2. Giving up of territory 3. payment of reparations a) equivalent of $328 billion today b) paid of last year c) sc heduled for final payment in 1988 C. Economic ramifications 1. Payment scheme 2. English demand D. Hyperinflation - definition 1. Devaluation of the mark a) different attempts to recuperate b) valuation of mark to grain 2. Removal of the gold standard 3. Change of currency 3. Effect on the country E. Political Scheme 1. Weimar Republic 2. Growth of Nationalism 3. Political Dissent 4. Groups which were blamed for the war F. Great Depression 1. day to day life in before WWII 2. World response to the growth of the SA a) prelude to boycott of 1933 b) boycott G. Change in Germany's economy 1. Hitler's promises 2. Background 3. No choice 4. burning of the Weimar building 5. Dictator H. Conclusion Annotated Bibliography Title of Source: Treaty of Versailles - End of World War 1 Location of Source: http://www.firstworldwar.com The terms of the treaty. I am interested in how Germany was affected and the complaints they had. They were economically ruined. The war reparations were excessive an d would require the Germany population to bear the cost of the war as well as the blame. The standard of life has not been take into consideration just their ability to pay through years of labor. The expenses Germany are required to pay exceed the State and private assets. Other conditions of the treaty are discussed in terms of Germany having no possibility of every recovering economically. This is the official document of the Treaty. One can find many sources and commentaries of