Understanding The Roles Of Vodafone Telecommunications Information Technology Essay

Understanding The Roles Of Vodafone Telecommunications Information Technology Essay Vodafone group plc is a global telecommunications company based its headquarter in Newbury, United Kingdom. If measured by the revenues its a largest telecommunication company in the world, along with this if measured by the subscribers its the worlds second largest just behind the china mobile. As Vodafone is a global company, it is providing services in more than 30 countries not only this Vodafone has other partner networks in 44 different countries. The Vodafone name comes from three different things which are voice, data and fone which reflect to providing services of voice and data over the devices (Mobile phones etc). The company was formed in the year of 1984 basically as a subsidiary of Racal Electronics Plc. In start the company named as Racal Telecom Limited but it was fully demerged and changed the name as Vodafone Group plc in 1991. The main objective of this specific report is to probe into the organisations information systems, structure of organization, analyze the information requirements, decision making, Business strategies, IS strategy, IT strategy, ethical issues, strength, weaknesses, opportunities, goals and objectives, managerial levels, benefits, and some other environmental factors. Furthermore this report will be the evidence of understanding of the entire studies which is conducted in this module and also the real world market. Organizational Structure The number of employees in Vodafone UK is over 10,000. Vodafone aim to provide a fair, safe and flexible workplace which helps to motivates their employees to work hard and to feel engaged and create better environment to the work. The below is organisation structure of Vodafone group; Vodafone Group Plc organisation chart Diagram: Vodafone organizational structure (www.vodafone.com) Marketing development organization As marketing is very important tool to expand the businesses in this modern world. Vodafone is continuously working on it to compete with the market and also fulfil the peoples requirements. Vodafone is using different ways to advertise their products (services) such as Zonal marketing trial, Idle screen, Branded applications and widgets trial, Location based advertising trial and so on. Within these different types of marketing advertisement, Vodafone is keep in touch with the customers to knowing their requirements and also providing them better services. Mission statement A mission statement of an organization is very important to indicate itself. It is just a sentence but it is full description of general purpose and intention of that organization. The mission statement tells the employees what they are working for; along with this persuade the customers to buy the products or services. A mission statement is that which define the basic reasons for the existence of an organization and helps legitimise its function in society (Robson, 1997). Mission statement of Vodafone is; We will be the communications leader in an increasingly connected world This specific mission statement shows that it is Communication Company / organization, which goal is to become the leader to connect the world rapidly. Goals and objectives The goals and objectives play vital role to a company. As this is a modern age and every company is facing challenges to compete with the current market , same Vodafone has some goals which they are trying to reach. Vodafone is continuously working to update and meet the requirement of the customers. To reach on the top and accomplish with the goals Vodafone has some objectives which they are completing step by step. Below are some goals which Vodafone is willing to achieve; Create Authenticity in expanding communication technologies. Connectivity between different devices in future. To understand and use (web) data in more ways. To find options and possibilities of energy. Improvement of services in each part of country. (www.vodafone.com/start/about_vodafone/future_agenda.html) Strategy The strategy of the organization indicates its prospects and also helps to improve the business. Strategy of an organization can be defined as the identification of the purpose of the organization and the plans and action to achieve the purpose (Lynch, 2006). The strategy of Vodafone changes with the passage of time, because in the year of 2006 Vodafone intentions were different according to the year 2009 and 2010. The Strategic focus in 2009 is on operational performance, total communications, emerging markets, capital discipline. Environmental analysis Political factor The political factors are very effective for the organizations. If the political factors are in favor of the organization then it will be easy to navigate and boost the business. It is also said that managers should operate within the laws and regulations of the host country (Gray Larson 2008). The stability of political issues in the specific region or country and local laws sturdily influence the performance of organization. Without the information of the local laws and regulations there is a possibility of facing penalty which could lead to a big loss. If we have a look on Vodafone globe, we will come to know that its price plans and other services are different according to the country law and demand of nation. So the organization must need to understand and obey the local laws of the country where it is operating. Economic factor The economical factors can also have adverse effect on the organizations profitability and productivity. Vodafone was quite better in economy but because of recent downturns in economy it was affected in some countries. Vodafone Spain reported turnover of euro 6,982 million in the last financial year, 2.6 % less than the previous. (Vodafone 2009). To get economically strong Vodafone is working continuously to improve the economy of the company. Recently Vodafone has extended the services for customers; this could lead to improve the economy. Social /cultural factor As Vodafone is expanded in different countries, so they have to understand the requirements and social issues of specific country / region. Vodafone have created social networking and social media sites which helps to communicate and information sharing. Along with this Vodafone have agreements with so many social networking sites to offer the services. Vodafone always put efforts for safe social networking. (www.vodafone.com) Technological factor There is technology revolution at this present age. Every day new technology arrives with so many advanced enhancements. It is becoming necessary for an organization to keep update with their technology and to keep with the pace of the modern life, it also play the part to compete with the market. Vodafone is always active to keep update its technology to satisfy the customers and also to fulfil with the modern requirements. For this Vodafone announced the launch of its latest Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA) certified Mobile Wi-Fi device, the R201. (Vodafone, aug 2010) Ecological factors In a report it is mentioned that there are more than 800 million mobile devices are in use and these are growing every day as new technology is in market. The using and expanding of these devices are not that good for health and ecologically. Vodafone keeping in mind these all issue thats why Vodafone Ireland has announced to reduce CO2 emission by 30% by 2011. With the progress Vodafone is also working to create a better environment for future. SWOT analysis SWOT analysis is a method of strategic planning which is used to evaluate the Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats related in a project or in any task. SWOT analysis specifies the objectives of the project and also identifies the internal and external factors of the project. Strength Vodafone always struggle to make the network outstanding. Vodafone is committed to giving you a network you can depend on. The first priority of Vodafone is make sure that people can use mobile and connect to the internet where they are, and whenever they want. Vodafone competitors are also upgrading their services to persuade the customers but speciality of Vodafone is, its network is expanding but also provides better signal strength indoor and outdoor. Vodafone is keeping in mind to provide a such network which has journey of a call, fast and reliable connections and a network you can trust. (www.vodafone.com) Weakness As every company have some weaknesses, same Vodafone sometimes face such problems. The first weakness of Vodafone is its less connectivity in rural areas. Shares in Vodafone fell to lowest point but still head of Vodafone Company decided to sell the shares. BP overtakes Vodafone amid continued telecoms weakness (www.independent.co.uk). Vodafone got negative return on assets (ROA) underperform the main competitors like BT Group, ATT and others. The other weakness is Vodafone has about 80% business generate in Europe. Due to these weaknesses Vodafone sometimes face problems to maintain the company standards. Opportunities Vodafone has so many opportunities to get benefit of it. Vodafone has expanding network with better services this made Vodafone to create opportunities for customers as well as Vodafone itself. With the passage of time climate is changing also Vodafone is working to tackle this problem with the facility of video and teleconferencing and thorough the other energy efficient machines. The Vodafone policy is full of opportunities for customers and company itself. Threats As Vodafone is dominating in the world of communication, so the competitors are the main threats for Vodafone. In start of Vodafone life, there werent so many competitors of Vodafone but gradually so many companies come to exist and started the war in the field of telecommunication. As it is expanding network, every day new customers are joining Vodafone, it could create problem in network. So Vodafone need to update their boosters or all other technologies which could lead to calling and data transferring problems. Along with this, as other competitor companies are introducing new services, same Vodafone need to introduce such facilities/services which could keep customers in touch with Vodafone. Level of Management Information System There are four level of management, each level supporting different kind of decision process. It works from top to bottom, as top level management which is strategic level makes decision then it ends with the bottom which is Operational level. These four are defined below; Strategic level: This specific level of management is for seniors like, CEO, VIP, and Manger. This type of management usually makes long term decisions like 3 to 10 years. Recommendation: Sales and Marketing IS, Manufacturing IS, H R Information system, And Finance and accounting IS. Management level / Tactical level: This management level is usually resource allocation decision level. In this management level managers utilise and allocate time, raw material, machinery, funds etc and this is usually for 1 to 3 years. Recommendation: Sales and Marketing IS, Manufacturing IS, H R Information system, And Finance and accounting IS. Knowledge level: The knowledge level is a additional level of management in which knowledge and data workers work. This level is all about the knowledge of the specific project. Recommendation: Sales and Marketing IS, Manufacturing IS, H R Information system, And Finance and accounting IS. Operational level: In this bottom part of the management level, managers work day to day to complete the task. Normally in this level, manager makes decisions less than one year. Recommendation: Sales and marketing IS, Manufacturing IS, Human Resource IS, and Finance and Accounting IS. TPS OAS KW MIS DSS ESS Operational Level Knowledge Level Management Level Strategic Level Diagram: Types of IS and level of working. Information Systems An information system can be defined technically as a set of interrelated components that collect process, store and distributed information to support decision making and control in an organization (Laudon Laudon, 2009). With the help of information system a project could lead to a successful project and can complete on time. Information system provides fast and accurate transaction along with this it provides support for decision making. The information system is the weapon against competitor companies. There are some major information systems which work in each management levels are below. ESS (Executive support system) work in strategic level. DSS (Decision support system) work in management level. MIS (Management information system) work in management level. KWS (Knowledge working system) work in knowledge level. OAS (office automation system) work in operational level. TPS (Transaction processing system) work in operational level. ESS (Executive support system) ESS is designed to draw summarized information from MIS and DSS and present graphs and data from many sources through an interface that is easy for senior managers (Laudon Laudon, 2009). This is top management level and top people of management deal in this level. The chief executive of Vodafone makes final and basic decisions, and all departments head collect the information (data) and present to him for his decision to go throw. The ESS information system manage all the activities happening within the company like sales, purchase, cost etc which helps chief executive to make decisions and start new plans. DSS (Decision support system) The DSS helps to navigate the company into right path, because if company is getting loss from present services or technology then it indicate the down turn of the company. With the help of DSS Vodafone sometimes change the price plans and also other changing occurs which are effect for company. The DSS of Vodafone can usually use information from other information systems but they need to get informed from outsource to come up with it. MIS (Management information system) Middle management needs system to help with monitoring, controlling, decision making and administer activity and to work with this, the systems which are use called MIS (Laudon Laudon, 2009). This information system basically helps to monitoring the activities happening within the company. With the help of this information system managers can check any transaction from thousand of transaction. Managers often need to see, what is going on with the company during it is working to know that, is company is doing fine or not, and MIS helps to do that. This system also provide required reports weekly, monthly or yearly, which helps manager to make decision. KWS (Knowledge working system) Knowledge work system or knowledge based information system that support the creation, organization and dissemination of business to employee and mangers throughout a company (OBrien Maracas, 2008). This information system helps the organization to find the new ways to reach the success. In Vodafone KWS use to find what new price plans will be appreciable by customers and also how to improve services. OAS (office automation system) The OAS usually use in employees data and for office work. As it is mentioned above that OAS is use in operational level. This information system manages all the office work of Vodafone like non financial asset, share based payment, pension etc. TPS (Transaction processing system) TPS help the operational managers to keep track of the elementary activities and transaction of the organization, such as sales, receipt, cash deposit, payroll, credit decision and the flow of materials in a factory (Laudon Laudon, 2009). In this system Vodafone can interact with the customers on daily basis. The information system helps Vodafone to deal with the all sort of enquires. Ethical Issues The use of Information system could be very risky for an organization. As it is very necessary for an organization to use information system to boost the performance of the work in better and convenient way meanwhile it could be very risky and can lead to disruption. So a lot of ethical issues need to keep in mind when implement information system. For example, if wrong information of data is entered then output also will be wrong this could lead to wrong decision making which is very harmful for company. It is very important to focus on ethical issue, if there is problem in OAS that wrong information is entered in the database of Vodafone then it will store wrong information in the system, it will produce wrong result. Same as if there is problem in TPS (Transaction Processing system) that transaction is made wrong while customer is paying bill or when Vodafone is topping up the account of the customers this could create problem for both customers and the company. Some ethical issue s of Vodafone are below; Privacy Protection: company need to focus on privacy of the company and its business. It needs to ensure that all transaction, made exactly and correctly. Along with this Vodafone needs to protect transaction occurred, that other cant retrieve it. Accuracy of Information: In process of data storage and all other inputs Vodafone needs to be careful of the authenticity of the stored information. Sometimes companies are expecting are something but they get something else at the time of result. Right of Information: Every mangers needs to know his responsibilities that he can maintain structure of the company. Security: As much the system is secure company will be safe from threats and misuse. Lack of knowledge: Staff must be trained to do the job and satisfy the customer in the criteria of information system. Conclusion: All organizations need to use information system to boost the performance and drive through the success. Information system helps organization to sort out, about all kind of problems and become profitable. As Vodafone is a communication services provider, so to come up with all necessities of this modern life and to compete with market, Vodafone needs to use specific information systems. There are so many companies in market competing with Vodafone, but due to choosing right and efficient information system, Vodafone is at the top.

Effect Of Media On The Childhood

Effect Of Media On The Childhood Childhood representations are derived from media as well as policies and laws, the two being interrelated. Media images produce influential perceptions about children that may be translated into ideologies and through the same laws and policies influence childrens well being and material needs. Media also highlights that the identity of childhood as a social construction is very different to adulthood. It is depicted as marginalised and incapable. With the introduction of many forms of technology in the past 20 years it is not surprising that media now plays an even greater integral role in shaping childhoods, mine being no exception. All this power exerted by media calls for some form of analysis. In other instances, the childhood figure is overlapped with that of animals, which is evident in the film, LEnfant Sauvage (1969), where Victoire, the wild boy, adapted himself to an uncivilised situation (Mills, 2000). The notion of innocence of children is commonly portrayed in childrens books and films such as Little Lord Fauntleroy, where Cedric symbolises innocence and beauty. Children are deemed to be protected from secret knowledges, namely sexuality and death. In fact, until recently, girls were portrayed as asexual and ignorant of sex (Humphries, Mack Perks, 1988). In contrast, the premature exhibition and sexualisation of young girls and the need of protection of their innocence is highlighted in the film Painted Babies (1993), a film about young girls in beauty pageants (Robinson Davies, 2008). The notion children as vulnerable and in need of protection, is outlined in Dickens Oliver Twist, where Nancy saves Oliver from Bill Sykes physical abuse. The abduction and consequent murder of the young James Bulger is another shocking example vulnerability of children. On the other hand, children are also characterised as being autonomous. In Harry Potter, Harry epitomises this perception in literature in his fight against evil. The feisty independent character Anne Shirley in Anne of Green Gables is another example. Girl power was more related to popular music with phenomena such as the Spice Girls who promoted this neo-liberal feminist identity in teenage girls in the 90s. The novel Coral Island depicts children as apprentices where they develop skills, realise their dreams, and move on to adulthood. However, contemporary Prose fiction works portray children as a distinct group from adults. These works are realistic, sometimes dark, and child-centred exemplified by by Roald Dahls Matilda and Anne Finnes Madame Doubtfire. The images of children presented by the media are multi-faceted and sometimes contrasting, evident in the film Leon, where Mathilda, is portrayed as mature and independent but still perceived as a vulnerable child in need of protection in Leons eyes (ICS, 2010). It should be questioned as to how accurate cultural artefacts actually are. In childrens literature, Hunt implies that authors depict childhood as they perceive it, and therefore not a true reflection. Childrens books are therefore likely to portray attitudes to childhood rather than any individual or culturally agreed childhood (Hunt, 2009). Its power was in the image it left behind, imitated by some children in real life. Nowadays, children are not as influenced by contemporary literature. They have become more knowledgeable and sceptical, the so-called active reader. Texts for these children have lost their power (Hunt, 2009). Readers and viewers may interpret messages in different ways according to their identities and divisions such as age, gender, social class and ethnicity. Globalization of media brings about a certain degree of standardization whereby children in different parts of the world are being exposed to the same stimulus and subsequently start showing some common tra its. Moreover, media itself exercises a degree of control on how messages it delivers are interpreted. This is called the hypodermic syringe model. Messages are not only delivered but new meanings are produced bringing about the double hermeneutic phenomenon. Representational practices play a crucial role in influencing the material lives of children. Prominent music artists have used media to promote the awareness of different races, The most well-known event was Live Aid in 1985 highlighting the plight of starving children in Africa. Media can be a strong influence on health issues in children, evident in the recent significant increase of the illness anorexia nervosa in girls may have been as a result of T.V. and magazines portraying a very slim figure to be the accepted image as well as the explosion of obesity in children. It is estimated that 20 % of children in UK are overweight (James James, 2004). Consequently there is now a drive from all concerned to promote more healthy-eating programme such as Jamie Olivers T.V. series. The film scum by Alan Clarice 1979 portrays how a borstal in UK further brutalises young offenders. Its huge cultural impact was a contributory factor in the 1982 reform that replaced borstals to youth custody centres This is an example how the media can influence the institutions of the State (Mills, 2000). Todays children are more independent, inquisitive, creative, and can use media effectively, forming part of the net generation of childhood. In fact Katz (1997) regards these children able to create their own cultures and communities (Buckingham, 2009: 126). The use of internet is invaluable for these children in the field of education and research. Also, through the introduction of social networks, they are able to communicate freely with one another. There are also some concerns, as children are at risk of exposure to pornography, violence and cyber-stalking. Also, it is argued that they tend to spend more time confined to their room resulting in less family integration. A study between childrens everyday activities and the media showed that among media, television was the prime mover in families lives. This was done through quantitative and qualitative methods using questionnaires, interviews, as well as new methods (Tufte, 2003). Media technology is also influenced by gender and class identities. This is highlighted by the fact that the majority of computer games are played by boys and also that, middle class children have more access to computers than their working class peers. Over the years, different media has shaped my childhood, such as television programmes, magazines, music, the internet, pamphlets, books and billboards. As a young child, Care Bears and Barney, were amongst my favourite programmes. These were education and instilled in me the values of caring and tolerance. Other films include Sleeping Beauty and Cinderella, by providing images of princesses and happy endings which have caused me to dream as a child. Another character worth quoting is Miss Honey in the book Matilda by Roald Dahl who presented as a role model. In fact, at seventeen years of age, I decided to become a teacher, and have always strived to be kind and gentle just like Miss Honey. A Maltese media campaign to keep the environment clean, symbolised by a small hedgehog, Xummiemu, was set up, when I was growing up. These billboards, posters and magazines influenced me in respecting the environment. Messages on billboards such as the advert Smoking kills, on our main roads, had put me off smoking completely and never smoked a single cigarette in my life. As a teenager, the internet was used as a useful source of information in my school assignments. Through MSN Messenger and Skype, I have stayed in touch with my friends and relatives who live abroad. The internet is unique in that it is an interactive form of media allowing childrens global communication and the promotion of their creativity and spontaneity. I feel close to this culture which is critical of what media portrays even when the same media seems to have taken over our lives. Word count: 1,347 References Buckingham, D. (2009). New media, new childhoods? Childrens changing cultural environment in the age of digital technology in M. J. Kehily (Ed.), An introduction to Childhood Studies (2nd Edition) (pp. 124-138). Berkshire: Open University Press. Humphries, S., Mack, J. Perks, R. (1988). A Century of Childhood, London: Sidgwick Jackson. Hunt, P. (2009). Childrens literature and childhood in M. J. Kehily (Ed.), An introduction to Childhood Studies (2nd Edition) (pp. 50-69). Berkshire: Open University Press. ICS (2010). Sociology of Childhood, Study Guide 1. Glasgow: ICS. James, A. James, A. L. (2004). Constructing Childhood: Theory, Policy and Social Practice. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. Katz, J. (1997). Virtuous Reality: How America Surrendered Discussion of Moral Values to Opportunists, Nitwits and Blockheads like William Bennett. New York: Random House. Mills, J. Mills, R. (2000) Childhood Studies: A Reader in perspectives of childhood, Routledge, New York. Mills, R. (2000). Perspectives of Childhood in J. Mills R. Mills (Eds.), Childhood Studies: A Reader in perspectives of childhood (pp. 7-37). London: Routledge. Robinson, K. H. Davies, C. (2008). SHES KICKIN ASS, THATS WHAT SHES DOING! Deconstructing Childhood Innocence in Media Representations. Australian Feminist Studies, 23, 343- 358. Tufte, B. (2003). Children, media and consumption. Advertising Marketing to Children, October-December, 69-76. Discuss the role family plays in shaping childhood. Give examples of cultures within a family structure and reflect on your own culture. There is general consensus that family does shape childhood from the first minute its parent(s) start to interact with it in the context of a wider culture. (Gittens, 2009: 36). The family is the foundation of social stability and the primary means of social reproduction. This institution moulds the child through education, morals, values beliefs (James James, 2004). Family besides the traditional nuclear family also includes lone parent, gay/lesbian, extended families, and cohabitation. Indeed, the family is instrumental in shaping the child to become an integral part of society (ICS, 2010b). Childhoods are dependent on the identities and positions of the childs family, as these will have different structures, resulting in different experiences (ICS, 2010a). In recent years delayed child bearing means that children are less likely to share the companionship of siblings or wider kin. Single parent families are the second highest risk factor, after unemployment, for children to live in poverty (Clarke, 1996). Lower social class, unemployment, alcoholism, and drug abuse have serious consequences on childrens well-being in the shape of poverty, poor social conditions, mental health problems and physical abuse. Children from minor ethnic families may be disadvantaged as a result of poorer housing conditions and lower pay as well as an increased prevalence of chronic diseases such as rickets and T.B (James James, 2004). Also, parents lifestyles may affect childrens lives directly. Smoking in families is detrimental to childrens health, significantly increasing asthma in their children. Nowadays, most parents work leaving less time to prepare meals, which may result in children eating more junk food. Armstrong, Hill and Secker (2000) argue the beneficial effects of parental affection on the childs well-being. In comparison family breakdowns, increasing in number, are a cause of stress and mental problems in children (James James, 2004; Armstrong et al., 2000). Childrens identity is seen as a passive experience of being parented. Children possess a Double Status; the kinship status as the child and the age-based status as the minor. The link between womanhood and childhood is focused on childrens needs discourses (Lawler, 2000). According to research, the function of the family is specific to the fulfilment of gender-based roles, where females are a source of care and expression, and males the main source of income (ICS, 2010a: 15; MacNaughton Smith, 2009). Parents act as role models by setting examples which are crucial in shaping childhood. Children also learn gender roles from the family. For example, if cooking is done only by the mother they might associate it exclusively with females (MacNaughton Smith, 2009). State laws and policies use the family to implement and control children. The state also uses the family as an ally in the battle for social control (James James, 2004: 191)) and increasingly regulates childrens lives (James James, 2004). Development of family friendly employment practice through social benefits, results in more stable families, better support of children during their education, and reduced levels of delinquency (James James, 2004). The child is regarded as the object of legal rulings with childrens rights generally overruled by their parents claiming to act in the best interest of the child, thus their agency being denied (James James, 2004: 201). The effective voice of children in family proceedings is well documented, both in the Children Act and the UNCRC. However, the implementation to date is another matter, even welfare professionals view children both as carefree and powerless (ICS, 2010b: 45). In fact, family law in England and Wales classifies a child as a person with a disability (James James, 2004: 200). In every culture lies marriage, residence, family size and composition, family status and role, family power and authority, family communication that are quite universal. These elements of family structure in vary from one society to another (Uddin, 2009: 438). The representation of the family structure in Western culture is usually portrayed as a nuclear family composed of two siblings. This model is still portrayed as ideal according to mainstream parents websites such as bounty.com. Media has always portrayed an image of the Western family. Nowadays, it brings us a variety of different family structures including gay couples and single parents. In Muslim cultures, there are clearer gender demarcations where all family affairs are decided by the senior male member, leaving other family members fully dependent on their decisions without any say (Uddin, 2009). The male is usually the bread winner whilst women take on the emotional role such as child rearing and household chores (Uddin, 2007). Another feature of this community is the large family size, thus an extended family structure is adopted to ensure adequate family support. Family structures in Muslim Western communities vary from those in more traditional societies as the former face lifestyle choices which are not available to the latter. Middle-class, though not working-class, Muslims have expectations and a level of education comparable to non-Muslims (Abbas, 2003; Ahmad, 2001). Muslims regard their Islamic faith as fundamental to their identity. However, Sikhs and Hindus consider education to be their main priority, allowing greater occupational opportunities, class mobility, integration and acceptance (Abbas, 2003). On a more personal note, I grew up in a traditional Maltese Roman Catholic nuclear family consisting of four members; my parents, my older sister and myself. This is the most common structure in Malta. My father is a doctor and my mother is a housewife who gave up her job as a secretary to raise us. My parents raised us striking a balance between being open to change but holding onto the strong values of Maltese culture and Roman Catholic beliefs. These beliefs form an integral role in our way of life and shape our views on family. Family authority has always been shared between my parents. However, they have always valued our opinions, even as children. This has created an open communicative relationship between us. The family has influenced many aspects of my life. Due to my large extended family, I grew up surrounded by younger children, playing with and teaching them. This sparked my interest in teaching Early Years. The short distances facilitated the formation of strong family bonds. We live in a typical neighbourhood where people lend a helping hand when needed, though can be nosy. Despite Malta being a small island, we are not insular as we are influenced by other cultures, namely British and Italian. We are multi-lingual and have a Western outlook. We are also influenced by foreign family ties, my grandmother being British. Our culture motivates us to maximise our potential by pursuing a higher education, particularly a University degree. Opportunities are few and competition is high. Ambition is instilled from an early age, and expectations are high. I form part of a very close- knit family which is dependable and supportive. We consider this to be our role and responsibility to each ot her. I enjoy the security and stability of our family whilst still enjoying my independence and autonomy. All the aforementioned aspects are crucial as the resources and environment of the family have a direct influence on how children and adolescents deal with emotions, relationships as well as their potential for future success (Wen, 2008). Nonetheless, it is fundamental to perceive the child as an individual actor whose needs must be considered in the context of their own childhood and not merely as an extension of the needs of all of those who share the status of being children. Word count: 1,241

The History of Music Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

The History of Western Music Music has been around since the dawn of time, ever since man first inhabited this planet we have learned to communicate in ways other then conventional speaking. Different Cultures all have there own specific way of communicating through music. Music is basically broken into two specific groups Eastern Music and Western Music. Eastern music is mainly derived from the orient and India. While, Western music first emerged from Europe. Western music has developed in many ways since the middle ages through its form, sound, and message. The Middle Ages In 500 A.D., western civilization began to emerge from the period known as "The Dark Ages," a time in which many invading forces ruled Europe and brought an end to the Roman Empire. For the next hundred year, the newly emerging Christian Church would soon govern Europe, administering justice, initiating the Crusades against the East, creating Universities, and for the most part dictating the destiny of music, art and literature. Pope Gregory I is believed to have collected the music known as Gregorian Chant, which was the approved music of the Church. Later, Notre Dame in Paris was accredited, with the creation of a new kind of music called organum. Which was created by much more melodic phrases then Gregorian Chant, organum was also the first type of music too utilize fourth and fifth intervals, which would become one of the building blocks of modern musical theory. Music in the church had not changed much during this time as said by Charles Burney in A General History of Music Volume I, â€Å"Music in the church, however, appears to have undergone no other change at this time than in being applied in some parts of the service†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (57). A type popular music began to erupt and was sung all over Europe by the troubadours and trouvà ¨res of France. The troubadours and trouvà ¨res played mainly lutes (a primitive guitar) and sung songs, which everyday people could appreciate and identify with. And it was during the middle Ages that western culture saw the arrival of the first great name in music, Guillaume de Machaut. De Machaut polyphonic style did not catch with many during the middle ages, but would later influence a flood of composers during the Renaissance. The Renaissance The Renaissance began in the year 1420 and ended in the year 1600. The Renaissance meaning rebirth was a time of... ...bert Palmer in Rock & Roll an unruly history â€Å"Of necessity, then, rock and roll’s original audience was in many respects a secret audience teenagers gathering after school, cruising in their cars, or lying awake under their bedclothes deep in the night, their ears pressed to tiny little transistor radios.†(95). Western Music has developed in many ways since the middle ages through its form, sound, and message. Throughout these different periods in western music one thing has remained constant, the true essence of music, a way to communicate with someone on a much more divine level than be by rudimentary conversation. Though Ludwig Van Beethoven and Paul McCartney may seem completely opposite they have one in common through their music they changed the world’s perception of its self Works Cited Burney, Charles. A General History Of Music. New York: Dover Publications, 1957. Burney, Charles. A General History Of Music 2. New York: Dover Publications, 1957. Einstein, Alfred. A Short History Of Music. New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1969. Palmer, Robert. Rock & Roll an unruly history. New York: Harmony Books, 1995. Prendergast, Mark. The Ambient Century. New York: Bloomsbury, 2000

James Buchanan :: US Presidents

James Buchanan was born in Cove Gap, Pennsylvania on April 23, 1791. He became the fifteenth President of the United States of America on March 4, 1857. . He was the only President that was never married. His first lady was his niece Harriet Lane. He was the only citizen of Pennslvania to hold that office. He has been criticized for failing to take any positive action in order to attempt to pervent the country from sliding into the Civil War. Some have even speculated that he had gay tendencies with William Rufus King, the Senator for Alabama. He graduated from Dickinson College. After graduation he went on to study law. He was a member of the Pennsylvania State House of Representatives and then he was elected to Seventeenth and to the four succeeding Congressess. He was also chairman of the Committeee on the Judiciary in the Twenty-first Congress. With of these accomplishments he had created a great political background. Although his political background was excellent, his presidency was consider one of the worst ever. In his Inangural the President referred to the territorial question as "happily, a matter of but little practical importance" since the Supreme Court was about to settle it "speedily and finally." One of the main issues during his presidency was the very controversail issue of slavery. Although he opposed slavery, he acted very Kerry like by changing his beliefs. Buchanan decided to end the troubles in Kansas by urging the admission of the territory as a slave state. Although he directed his Presidental authority to this goal, he further angered the Republicans and alienated memebers of his own part. After all of this Kansas remained a territory. Another hot issue was regarding the sucession of southern states. President Buchanan, very dismayed and hesitant, denied the legal right of states to secede but held that the Federal Government legally could not prevent them. He hoped for compromise, but secessionist leaders did not want compromise so he just let them do what the wanted to do. Then Buchanan took a militant tack. As several Cabinet members resigned, he appointed northerners, and sent the Star of the West to carry reinforcements of Fort Sumter.

Green Building Guide

 ® IGBC Green Homes  ® IGBC Green Homes Rating System Ver 1. 0 Abridged Reference Guide April 2009 Confederation of Indian Industry CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre  ® IGBC Green Homes  ® IGBC Green Homes Rating System Ver 1. 0 Abridged Reference Guide April 2009 Confederation of Indian Industry CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre Copyright Copyright  © 2008 by the Indian Green Building Council. All rights reserved. The Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) authorises you to view the IGBC Green Homes Version 1. Abridged Reference Guide for your individual use. You agree not to sell or modify the IGBC Green Homes Reference Guide or to reproduce, display or distribute IGBC Green Homes Reference Guide in any way for any public or commercial purpose, including display on a website or in a networked environment. Unauthorised use of the IGBC Green Homes Abridged Reference Guide violates copyright, trademark and other laws and is prohibited. Note that the National an d local codes, norms, etc. , used in the IGBC Green Homes Reference Guide are in the public domain.All other content in the IGBC Green Homes Reference Guide are owned by the Indian Green Building Council and are protected by copyright. Disclaimer None of the parties involved in developing the IGBC Green Homes Version 1. 0 Abridged Reference Guide, including the Indian Green Building Council assume any liability or responsibility, to the user or any third parties for any injuries, losses or damages arising out of such use. Indian Green Building Council C/o Confederation of Indian Industry CII – Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre Survey No. 64, Kothaguda Post Near Kothaguda Cross Roads, R R Dist Hyderabad – 500 032 2Acknowledgements The IGBC Green Homes Abridged Reference Guide has been made possible through the efforts of many dedicated volunteers, staff members and others in the IGBC community. The Reference Guide was developed by the IGBC Green Homes Core Committee and many other members. We extend our deepest gratitude to all these members. Tremendous inputs also came in at the ‘IGBC Green Homes’ launch on 02 May 2008, which had an overwhelming response from stakeholders all over the country. IGBC places on record its sincere thanks to the participating companies and individuals who enthusiastically volunteered during the break-out sessions.Our special thanks to the following members for their participation and contributions in developing the rating programme: †¢ Mr Sharukh Mistry, Chairman, IGBC – Green Homes Steering Committee & Director, Mistry Architects, Bangalore †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Dr Prem C Jain, Chairman, Indian Green Building Council & Chairman and Managing Director, Spectral Services Consultants Private Limited, Noida Mr Sanjay Seth, Energy Economist, Bureau of Energy of Efficiency, New Delhi Mr V Madhwa Raja, Superintendin g Engineer, HMDA, Hyderabad Mr Arjun Valluri,Chairman, Surya Ray, Hyderabad Mr Ankoor Sanghvi, Architect, Ankoor Sanghvi Architects, Rajkot Dr Archana Walia, Programme Management Specialist, USAID, New Delhi Mr Chandrashekar Hariharan, CEO, Biodiversity Conservation [India] Limited, Bangalore Mr C. N. Raghavendran, Chairman, IGBC-Chennai Chapter & Partner, CRN Architects & Engineers, Chennai Mr C Shekar Reddy, President, Builders Forum, Hyderabad Mr Gerard Da Cunha, Proprietor, Architecture Autonomous, Goa Mr H N Daruwalla, Vice President, Godrej & Boyce Mfg.Co. Ltd. , Mumbai Mr Jaffer A A Khan, Principal Architect, JDS Architects, Bangalore Mr Jahangir Yar Khan, General Manager-Projects, Shree Ram Urban Infrastructure Ltd, Mumbai †¢ †¢ Dr Jyotirmay Mathur, Reader, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur Mr K K Bhattacharya, Sr. Executive Director, DLF Utilities Pvt Ltd, Gurgaon 3 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Mr K P Ragh avan, Vice President & Head – Buildings & Factories Sector, Larsen & Toubro Ltd. Chennai Mr K R Gopinath, Chairman, KRG Rainwater Foundation, Chennai Ms Meenu Garg, Consultant, Hyderabad Mr Pawan Malhotra, Managing Director, Mahindra Lifespace Developers Ltd, Mumbai Mr Rajan Rawal, Professor, CEPT University, Ahmedabad Mr Rajan Venkateswaran, Chief Architect, Larsen & Toubro Ltd, Chennai Mr Rumi P Engineer, Dy. General Manager, Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co.Ltd, Mumbai Mr R Sri Kumar, Additional Director General of Police, Chairman and Managing Director, Karnataka State Police Housing Corporation Limited, Bangalore Mr Sanjay Chawla, Chairman, IGBC – Hyderabad Chapter, Business Head (Commercial and SEZ), Maytas Properties Ltd, Hyderabad Ms Suhasini Ayer, Architect, Auroville Design Consultants, Pondicherry Mr Vidur Bharadwaj, Chairman, IGBC – Delhi Chapter & Managing Partner, Design & Development Consultants, New Delhi Dr Vishal Garg, Associate Professor, Centre for IT in Building Science, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad Mr Zubin Irani, Managing Director, Carrier Airconditioning & Refrigeration Limited, Gurgaon †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 4Our sincere thanks are due to the following organisations for their participation in the programme: †¢ Adapt Technologies & Consultancy Services India Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ ADC KRONE ,Bangalore †¢ Advance Cooling Towers Pvt Ltd, Mumbai †¢ AFRA Consultancy, Hyderabad †¢ Ala Inc, Chennai †¢ Aliens Developers Private Limited, Hyderabad †¢ Altimate Envirocare Asia Pvt Ltd, Mumbai †¢ Aluplast India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi †¢ Ankoor Sanghvi Architects, Rajkot †¢ Armstrong World Ind. India Pvt Ltd , Bangalore †¢ Architecture Autonomous, Goa †¢ Architect Hafeez Contractor, Mumbai †¢ Asahi India Glass Limited (AIS),Hyderaba d †¢ Auroville Design Consultants, Pondicherry †¢ Bamboo Finance, Switzerland †¢ Blue Run V entures, New Delhi †¢ Blue Star Limited, Hyderabad †¢ Brigade Group, Bangalore †¢ Buhari Holdings Private Limited, Chennai †¢ Bureau of Energy Efficiency, New Delhi †¢ Conserve Consultants Pvt.Ltd, Chennai †¢ Carrier Airconditioning & Refrigeration Limited, Gurgaon †¢ CEPT University, Ahmedabad †¢ CRN Architects & Engineers, Chennai †¢ CSR Estates, Hyderabad †¢ Design & Development Consultants, New Delhi †¢ DLF Services Limited, Gurgaon †¢ DLF Utilities Pvt Ltd, Gurgaon †¢ Dow Chemical International Pvt Ltd, Mumbai †¢ DSL Infrastructure & Space Developers, Hyderabad †¢ Dynacraft Air Controls , Mumbai †¢ Emaar MGF Land Limited, New Delhi †¢ EN3 Consulting, Chennai †¢ KRG Rainwater Foundation, Chennai †¢ KRVIA, Mumbai †¢ L&T Infocity Limited, Hyder abad †¢ Larsen & Toubro Limited, Chennai †¢ Lodha Group of Companies, Mumbai †¢ Mahindra Lifespace Developers Ltd, Mumbai â⠂¬ ¢ Maithel & Associates Architects Pvt.Ltd, Jaipur †¢ Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur †¢ Manasaram Architects, Bangalore †¢ Master Consultancy & Productivity Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ Maxvel Technologies Pvt Ltd, Mumbai †¢ Maytas Properties Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ Mistry Architects, Bangalore †¢ Mozaic Design Combine, Goa †¢ Nippon Paint (India) Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ Oceanus Infrastructure (P) Ltd, Bangalor e †¢ Olympia Tech Park, Chennai †¢ Orbit Group, Kolkata †¢ Owens Corning Enterprise (India) Pvt Ltd, Mumbai †¢ Parsvnath Developers Ltd, New Delhi †¢ Potential Service Consultants (P) Ltd, Bangalore †¢ Prasad Escendo Consultancy, Hyderabad †¢ Rajarathnam Constructions (P) Ltd, Chennai †¢ Rajco Metal Industries Pvt Ltd, Mumbai †¢ RITES Ltd, Gurgaon †¢ Roads and Buildings Dept. , Govt. , AP, Hyderabad †¢ S V Properties, Hyderabad †¢ S&S Constructions (India) Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ Sai Construction Corporation, Hyderabad †¢ Saint – Gobain Glass India Ltd, Chennai †¢ Sangam Project Consultants, Mumbai †¢ Satya Vani Project & Consultants Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ Schneider Electric India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi 5 Energy Conservation Mission, Hyderabad †¢ Everest Industries Ltd, Gopalapuram Tamilnadu †¢ ETA Engineering Private Limited, Hyderabad †¢ Eximcorp India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi †¢ Federation of Engineering Institutions of South and Central Asia, Hyderabad †¢ Forbo Flooring India, New Delhi †¢ Forum (FBH), Hyderabad †¢ Genesis Planner (Pvt) Ltd, Mumbai †¢ Gherzi Eastern Limited, Mumbai †¢ Ghosh, Bose & Associates, Kolkata †¢ GMR Hyderabad Intl. Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co. Ltd, Mumbai †¢ Godrej Properties, Mumbai †¢ Greentech Knowledge Solutions (P) Ltd, New Delhi †¢ Green Tek Indika (GTI), Hyderabad †¢ Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd, Hydera bad †¢ Honeywell, Chennai †¢ Indu Projects Limited, Hyderabad †¢ Infinity Infotech Parks Ltd, Kolkata †¢ Infinity Township Pvt.Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ Infosys BPO Limited, Bangalore †¢ Interface Flor India Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad †¢ JDS Architects, Bangalore †¢ Johnson Control s, Mumbai †¢ Jones Lang LaSalle Meghraj, Gurgaon †¢ Kalpataru Ltd, Mumbai †¢ Karnataka State Police Housing Corporation Limited, Bangalore †¢ Khivraj Tech Park Pvt Ltd, Chennai †¢ Kirloskar Brothers Ltd, Coimbatore †¢ K Raheja Corp, Mumbai †¢ Sequoia Capital India Advisors Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore †¢ Sevcon (India) Pvt Ltd, New Delhi †¢ SEW Constructions Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ Shapoorji Pallonji & Company Limited, Mumbai †¢ Shika Management Services, Hyderabad †¢ Shilpa Architects, Chennai †¢ SMR Builders Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ SMR Live Spaces, Hyderabad à ¢â‚¬ ¢ Shree Ram Urban Infrastructure Ltd, Mumbai †¢ Spectral Services Consultants Private Limited, Noida †¢ Srinivasa Shipping & Property Development Ltd, Chennai †¢ Studio Decode, Bangalore †¢ Suchirindia Developers Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ Sugan Automatics Pvt.Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ Surbana International Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ Supreme Petrochem Ltd, Mumbai †¢ Tameer Consulting Associates, Hyderabad †¢ Tata Housing Development Co. Ltd , Bangalore †¢ Team Labs & Consultants, Jaipur †¢ Terra Verde Architects, Hyderabad †¢ The Indian Institute of Architects, New Delhi †¢ Total Environment, Bangalore †¢ TSI Ventures, Bangalore †¢ UNUS Architects and Interior Designers, Hyderabad †¢ U P Twiga Fiberglass Ltd, Hyderabad †¢ USAID, New Delhi †¢ Vida Calma Homes Private Limited, Goa †¢ Virtuoso Consultants, Hyderabad †¢ Voltas Limited, Hyderabad †¢ V Raheja Design Construction , Bangalore 6  ® Contents Foreword from Indian Green Building Council IGBC Green Homes 9 10 11 11 12 14 17 18Introduction Benefits of Green Homes National Priorities addressed in the Rating system IGBC Green Home Rating System IGBC Green Home Process Updates and Addenda Green Homes Project Checklist Site Selection and Planning Mandatory Requirement 1 Mandatory Requirement 2 Site Credit 1. 0 Site Credit 2. 0 Site Credit 3. 0 Site Credit 4. 0 Site Credit 5. 0 Site Credit 6. 0 Site Credit 7. 0 Water Efficiency Mandatory Requirement 1 Mandatory Requirement 2 Water Credit 1. 0 Water Credit 2. 0 Water Credit 3. 0 Water Credit 4. 0 Water Credit 5. 0 Water Credit 6. 0 Water Credit 7. 0 Water Credit 8. 0 Water Credit 9. 0 Energy Efficiency Mandatory Requirement 1 Mandatory Requirement 2 Energy Credit 1. 0 Energy Credit 2. 0 Energy Credit 3. 0 Energy Credit 4. 0 Energy Credit 5. 0 Energy Credit 6. Energy Credit 7. 0 Energy Credit 8. 0 CFC-Free Equipment Minimum Energy Performance Energy Per formance Energy Metering Refrigerators Solar Water Heating Systems : 50%,75%,95% Captive power Generation Onsite Renewable Energy : 2. 5%, 5. 0%, 7. 5%, 10% Efficient Luminaries & Lighting Power Density: 20% Energy Saving Measures in other Appliances & Equipment 7 Local Regulations Soil Erosion Basic Amenities Natural Topography or Landscape : 15%, 20% Heat Island Effect – Roof : 50%, 75% Parking Facilities for Visitors Electric Charging Facility for Vehicles Design for Differently Abled Green Home Guidelines – Design & Post Occupancy 21 22 23 25 26 27 28 29 30Rainwater Harvesting, 50% Water Efficient Fixtures Turf Design : 20%,40% Drought Tolerant Species : 25% Management of Irrigation Systems Rainwater Harvesting, 75%, 95% Grey Water Treatment : 50%,75%,95% Treated Grey Water for Landscaping : 50%,75%,95% Treated Grey Water for Flushing : 50%,75%,95% Water Efficient Fixtures : 20%, 30% Water Metering 32 33 34 35 36 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 50 51 57 58 59 60 61 62 64 Mate rials Mandatory Requirement 1 Materials Credit 1. 0 Materials Credit 2. 0 Materials Credit 3. 0 Materials Credit 4. 0 Materials Credit 5. 0 Materials Credit 6. 0 Materials Credit 7. 0 Separation of Wastes Waste Reduction during Construction : 75% Organic Waste Management, Post Occupancy : 50%, 95% Materials with Recycled Content : 10%, 20% Rapidly Renewable Materials : 2. 5%, 5% Local Materials : 50%, 75% Reuse of Salvaged Materials : 2. 5%, 5% Certified Wood Based Materials and Furniture: 50%, 75% 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73Indoor Environmental Quality Mandatory Requirement 1 Mandatory Requirement 2 Mandatory Requirement 3 IEQ Credit 1. 0 IEQ Credit 2. 0 IEQ Credit 3. 0 IEQ Credit 4. 0 IEQ Credit 5. 0 IEQ Credit 6. 0 IEQ Credit 7. 0 Innovation and Design Process INN Credit 1. 1 INN Credit 1. 2 INN Credit 1. 3 INN Credit 2. 0 Annexure Abbreviations Innovation and Design Process Innovation and Design process Innovation and Design Process IGBC AP 91 91 91 92 93 103 Tobacco Smoke Control D aylighting : 50% Fresh Air Ventilation Exhaust Systems Enhanced Fresh Air Ventilation : 30% Low VOC Materials Carpets : 5% Building Flush Out Daylighting : 75%, 85%, 95% Cross Ventilation 75 76 78 80 81 83 85 86 87 89 8Foreword from the IGBC India is witnessing tremendous growth in infrastructure and construction development. The construction industry in India is one of the largest economic activities and is growing at an average rate of 9. 5% as compared to the global average of 5%. As the sector is growing rapidly, preserving the environment poses a host of challenges. To enable the construction industry to be environmentally sensitive, CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre has established the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC). IGBC is a consensus driven not-forprofit council representing the building industry, consisting of more than 500 committed members.The council encourages builders, developers and owners to build green to enhance the economic and environmental perform ance of buildings. The Green Building Movement in India has been spearheaded by IGBC since 2001, by creating national awareness. The council’s activities have enabled a market transformation with regard to Green Building concepts, materials and technologies. IGBC continuously works to provide tools that facilitate the adoption of green building practices in India. The development of IGBC Green Homes Rating System is another important step in this direction. IGBC Membership IGBC draws its strength from its members who have been partners in facilitating the Green Building Movement in India.The local chapters led by individual champions and committed members have been instrumental in reaching out the vision of the IGBC at the regional levels. IGBC is today seen as a leader in spearheading the Indian green building movement. The council is member driven and consensus based. Contact : Indian Green Building Council C/o Confederation of Indian Industry CII – Sohrabji Godrej G reen Business Centre Survey No. 64, Kothaguda Post Near Kothaguda Cross Roads, R R District Hyderabad – 500 032, India Ph: +91 40 23112971-74 Fax : +91 40 23112837 Email: [email  protected] in Web: www. igbc. in 9 I. Introduction The housing sector in India is growing at a rapid pace and contributing immensely to the growth of the economy.This augurs well for the country and now there is an imminent need to introduce green concepts and techniques in this sector, which can aid growth in a sustainable manner. Green concepts and techniques in the residential sector can help address national issues like handling of consumer waste, water efficiency, reduction in fossil fuel use in commuting, energy efficiency and conserving natural resources. Most importantly, these concepts can enhance occupant health, happiness and wellbeing. Against this background, Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) has launched ‘IGBC Green Homes Rating System’ to address the national prioriti es. By applying IGBC Green Homes criteria, homes which are sustainable over the life cycle of the building can be constructed.This rating programme is a tool which enables the designer to apply green concepts and criteria, so as to reduce the environmental impacts, which are measurable. The programme covers methodologies to cover diverse climatic zones and changing lifestyles. IGBC Green Homes is the first rating programme developed in India, exclusively for the residential sector. It is based on accepted energy and environmental principles and strikes a balance between known established practices and emerging concepts. The system is designed to be comprehensive in scope, yet simple in operation. IGBC has set up the Green Homes Core Committee to develop the rating programme. This committee comprised of key stakeholders including architects, developers, home owners, manufacturers, institutions and industry representatives.The committee, with a diverse background and knowledge has enr iched the rating system both in its content and process. 10 II. Benefits of Green Homes Green homes can have tremendous benefits, both tangible and intangible. The most tangible benefits are the reduction in water and energy consumption right from day one of occupancy. The energy savings could range from 20 – 30 % and water savings around 30 – 50%. Intangible benefits of Green homes include enhanced air quality, excellent daylighting, health & wellbeing of the occupants, safety benefits and conservation of scarce national resources. Green Homes rating system can also enhance marketability of a project. III.National Priorities Addressed in the Rating System The Green Homes Rating System addresses the most important National priorities which include water conservation, handling of consumer waste, energy conservation, conservation of resources like wood and lesser dependence on usage of virgin materials. Water Efficiency: Most of the Asian countries are water stressed and in countries like India the water table has reduced drastically over the last decade. Green Homes encourages use of water in a self – sustainable manner through reducing, recycling and reusing strategies. By adopting this rating programme green homes can save potable water to an extent of 30 – 50%.Handling of House -hold Waste: Handling of waste in residential buildings is extremely difficult as most of the waste generated is not segregated at source and has a high probability of going to land fills. This continues to be a challenge to the municipalities which needs to be addressed. IGBC intents to address this by encouraging green homes to segregate the house hold waste. Energy Efficiency: The residential sector is a large consumer of electrical energy. IGBC Green Homes can reduce energy consumption through energy efficient lighting, air conditioning systems, motors, pumps etc. , The rating system encourages green homes which select and use BEE labeled equipment and appliances. The energy savings that can be realised by adopting this rating programme can be to the tune of 20 – 30%.Reduced Use of Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuel is a slowly depleting resource, world over. The use of fossil fuel for transportation has been a major source of pollution. The rating system encourages the use of alternate fuels for transportation and captive power generation. Reduced Dependency on Virgin Materials: The rating system encourages projects to use recycled & reused material and discourages the use of virgin wood thereby addressing environmental impacts associated with extraction and processing of virgin materials. Reduced usage of virgin wood is also encouraged. 11 Health and Well-being of Occupants: Health and well-being of occupants is the most important aspect of Green Homes.IGBC Green Homes Rating System ensures minimum performance of daylighting and ventilation aspects which are critical in a home. The rating system recognises measures to minimise the indoor air pollutants. IV. IGBC Green Homes Rating System IGBC has set up the Green Homes Core Committee to focus on residential sector. The committee includes architects, realtors, experts on building science and industry representatives. The varied experience and professions of the committee members brings in a holistic perspective in the process of developing the rating programme. A. Evolution of the Rating System IGBC, in its endeavor to extend green building concepts to all building types envisioned a rating programme for homes in December 2007.A core committee was formed under the leadership of Ar Sharukh Mistry, Mistry Architects, Bangalore. The committee drafted the pilot version of the programme which was launched in May 2008. The rating system is designed to suit Indian climate and construction practices. About 220 members representing 120 organisations participated in the pilot programme. 52 projects with 41. 5 million sq. ft of building footprint area from various clima tic zones registered under the pilot rating programme. After one year of implementation, feedback from pilot projects were reviewed by the core committee and the suggestions have been incorporated in the final rating system launched in March 2009. The rating system will be subjected to a eview by the core committee, every 6 months, to ensure that it is updated and contemporary. B. Features of IGBC Green Homes IGBC Green Homes Rating System is a voluntary and consensus based programme. The rating system has been developed based on materials and technologies that are presently available. The objective of IGBC Green Homes is to facilitate the creation of energy efficient, water efficient, healthy, comfortable and environmentally friendly houses. The rating system evaluates certain credit points using a prescriptive approach and other credits on a performance based approach. The rating system is evolved so as to be comprehensive and at the same time user-friendly.The programme is fundam entally designed to address national priorities and quality of life for occupants. 12 The rating programme uses well accepted national standards and wherever local or national standards are not available, appropriate international benchmarks have been considered. C. Scope of IGBC Green Homes IGBC Green Homes Rating System is a measurement system designed for rating new residential buildings which broadly include two construction types: 1. Dwellings where interiors are part of the project. 2. Dwellings where interiors are not part of the project *Interiors include but not limited to refrigerators, internal lighting, furniture, carpets, etc.Based on the scope of work, projects can choose any of the above options. The following categories of dwelling can apply for rating: v Individual homes v Gated communities v High rise residential apartments v Existing residential buildings v Residential buildings with major renovation v Hostels, Service apartments, Resorts, Motels and Guest houses In general all dwelling spaces which can meet the mandatory requirements and minimum points can apply. Various levels of green building certification are awarded based on the total points earned. D. The Future of IGBC Green Homes Many new green building materials, equipment and technologies are being introduced in the market.With continuous up-gradation and introduction of new green technologies and products, it is important that the rating programme also keeps pace with current standards and technologies. Therefore, the rating programme will also undergo periodic revisions to incorporate the latest advances and changes. It is important to note that project teams applying for IGBC Green Homes should register their projects with the latest version of the rating system. During the course of implementation, projects have an option to transit to the latest version of the rating system. IGBC will highlight new developments on its website on a continuous basis at www. igbc. in 13 V. IGBC Green Homes Process The guidelines detailed under each credit enable the design and construction of green homes of all sizes and types.IGBC Green Homes addresses green features under the following categories: v Site Selection and Planning v Water Efficiency v v v v Energy Efficiency Materials Indoor Environmental Quality Innovation & Design Process Different levels of green building certification are awarded based on the total credits earned. However, every Green Home should meet certain mandatory requirements, which are non-negotiable. The various levels of rating awarded are: v ‘Certified’ to recognise best practices v ‘Silver’ to recognise outstanding performance v ‘Gold’ to recognise national excellence v ‘Platinum’ to recognise global leadership a. When to use IGBC Green Homes IGBC Green Homes is designed primarily for new residential buildings.However, it is also applicable for existing buildings redesigned in accordance with the IGBC Green Homes criteria. The project team can evaluate all the possible points to apply under the rating system using a suitable checklist. The project can apply for IGBC Green Homes certification if it can meet all mandatory requirements and achieve the minimum required points. b. IGBC Green Homes Registration Project teams interested in IGBC Green Homes Certification for their project must first register with IGBC. Projects can be registered on IGBC website (www. igbc. in) under ‘IGBC Green Homes’. The website includes information on registration fee for IGBC member companies as well as non-members.Registration is the initial step which helps establish contact with IGBC and provides access to the required documents, templates, important communications and other necessary information. Consult the web site for important details about IGBC Green Homes application as well as the certification review process, schedule and fee. 14 c. IGBC Green Homes Certification Le vels The rating system caters to projects like individual houses, apartments, motels, resorts, hostels, etc. , Amongst the different types, projects are broadly classified into two categories: v Projects where interiors are part of scope of work v Projects where interiors are not part of the scope of work Interiors include but not limited to materials like interior finishes & furniture and appliances like refrigerators, fans, lights etc. As a general guideline, individual owners can use the checklist ‘Projects with Interiors’ and developers & builders can use the checklist titled ‘Projects without Interiors’. However, if the context varies, projects can adopt the one which is the closest fit. The threshold criteria for certification levels are as under: Certification Level Certified Silver Gold Platinum Points for projects with interiors 32 – 39 40 – 47 48 – 59 60 – 80 Points for projects without interiors 30 – 36 37 †“ 44 45 – 55 56 – 75 d. Documentation The project team is expected to provide supporting documents at each stage of submission for all the mandatory requirements and the credits attempted.Supporting documents are those which provide specific proof of meeting the required performance level, such as, specifications, drawings (in native format only), cutsheets, manufacturer’s literature, purchase invoices and other documents. These details are mentioned in this guide, under each credit / mandatory requirement. Documentation is submitted in two phases – design submittals and construction submittals: v The design submission involves those credits which can be evaluated at the design stage. The reference guide provides the list of design and construction phase credits. After the design submission, review is done by third party assessors and review comments would be provided within 40 working days. v The next phase involves submission of clarifications to desi gn queries and construction document submittal.The construction document is submitted on completion of the project. This review will also be provided within 40 working days, after which the rating is awarded. 15 It is important to note that the credits earned at the design review are only considered as anticipated and are not awarded until the final construction documents are submitted along with additional documents showing implementation of design features. If there are changes for any design credit anticipated, these changes need to be documented and resubmitted for the construction review phase. IGBC will recognise homes that achieve one of the rating levels with a formal letter of certification and a mountable plaque. e.Precertification Projects by developers can register for Precertification. This is an option provided for projects aspiring to get precertified at the design stage. The documentation submitted for precertification must detail the project design features which wi ll be implemented. The rating awarded under precertification is based on the project’s intention to conform to the requirements of Green Homes Rating system. It is important to note that the precertification rating awarded need not neccesarily correspond to the final certification. Precertified projects are required to provide the status of the project to IGBC, in relation to the rating, once in every six months until the award of the final rating.Precertification gives the owner/developer a unique advantage to market the project to potential buyers. Those projects which seek precertification need to submit the following documentation: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ For each credit, a narrative on how the project would meet the goal Design calculations, wherever appropriate Drawings (in native format only) as appropriate Filled in templates wherever applicable IGBC would take 40 working days to review the first set of precertification documents. On receiving the clarificatio ns posed in the first review, IGBC would take another 40 working days to award the precertification. A certificate and a letter are provided to projects on precertification. f.Credit Interpretation Ruling In some instances the design team can face certain challenges in applying or interpreting a mandatory requirement or a credit. It can also happen in cases where the project can opt to achieve the same goal through a different compliance route. To resolve this IGBC uses the process of ‘Credit Interpretation Ruling’ (CIR) to ensure that rulings are consistent and applicable to other projects as well. 16 The following are the steps to be followed in case the project team faces a problem: v Consult the Reference Guide for description of the credit goal, compliance options and calculations. v Review the goal of the credit or mandatory requirement and self-evaluate whether the project satisfies the goal. Review the Credit Interpretation web page for previous CIR on the relev ant credit or mandatory requirement. All projects registered under IGBC Green Homes will have access to this page. v If a similar CIR has not been addressed or does not answer the question sufficiently, submit a credit interpretation request. Only registered projects are eligible to post CIRs. Two CIRs are answered without levying any fee and for any CIR beyond the first two CIRs, a fee is levied. g. Appeal Generally credits get denied due to misinterpretation of the goal. On receipt of the final review, the project team has the option to appeal to IGBC for reassessment of denied credits or mandatory requirements.The documentation for the mandatory requirements or credits seeking appeal may be resubmitted to IGBC along with necessary fee. IGBC will take 40 working days to review such documentation. These submissions would be reviewed by an assessor not involved in the earlier assessments. Documentation for appeals should include the following i. Documentation submitted for design su bmission ii. Documentation submitted for construction submission iii. Clarifications along with necessary drawings and calculations VI. Fee Certification fee details can be found on IGBC website. VII. Updates and Addenda This is the first version of IGBC Green Homes Abridged Reference Guide. As the rating system continues to improve and evolve, updates and addenda to he reference guide will be made available through the website. These additions will be incorporated in the next version of the rating system. 17 Points Available Checklist for Green Homes Site Selection and Planning Local Regulations Soil Erosion Basic Amenities Natural Topography or Landscape : 15%, 25% Heat Island Effect – Roof : 50%, 75% Parking Facilities for Visitors Electric charging Facility for Vehicl es Design for Differently Abled Green Home Guidelines – Design & Post Occupancy Projects with Interiors Projects without Interiors Mandatory Requirement 1 Mandatory Requirement 2 Site Credit 1. 0 Site Credit 2. 0 Site Credit 3. 0 Site Credit 4. 0 Site Credit 5. 0 Site Credit 6. 0 Site Credit 7. 0Required Required 1 2 2 1 1 1 NA 8 Required Required 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 9 Required Required 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 1 20 Required Required 10 1 NA 3 1 4 1 1 21 Mandatory Requirement 1 Mandatory Requirement 2 Water Credit 1. 0 Water Credit 2. 0 Water Credit 3. 0 Water Credit 4. 0 Water Credit 5. 0 Water Credit 6. 0 Water Credit 7. 0 Water Credit 8. 0 Water Credit 9. 0 Water Efficiency Rainwater Harvesting, 50% Water Efficient Fixtures Turf Design : 20%, 40% Drought Tolerant Species : 25% Management of Irrigation System s Rainwater Harvesting : 75%,95% Grey Water Treatment : 50%, 75%, 95% Treated Grey Water for Landscaping : 50%, 75%, 95% Treated Grey Water forFlushing : 50%, 75%, 95% Water Efficient Fixtures : 20%, 30% Water Metering Energy Efficiency CFC Free Equipment Minimum Energy Performance Energy Performance Energy Metering Refrigerators Solar Water Heating Systems : 50%, 75%, 95% Captive Power Generation On-site Renewable Energy : 2. 5%, 5. 0%, 7. 5%, 10% Efficient luminaries & Lighting power density : 20% Energy Saving Measures in Other Appliances & Equipment Required Required 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 1 20 Mandatory Requirement 1 Mandatory Requirement 2 Energy Credit 1. 0 Energy Credit 2. 0 Energy Credit 3. 0 Energy Credit 4. 0 Energy Credit 5. 0 Energy Credit 6. 0 Energy Credit 7. 0 Energy Credit 8. 0 Required Required 10 1 1 3 1 4 1 1 22 18 Materials Mandatory Requirement 1 Material Credit 1. 0 Material Credit 2. 0 Material Credit 3. 0 Material Credit 4. 0 Materials Credit 5. 0 Material Credit 6. 0 Material Credit 7. Separation of Waste Waste Reduction During Construction : 75% Organic Waste Management, Post Occupancy : 50%, 95% Materials with Recycled Content : 10%, 20% Rapidly Renewable Materials : 2. 5%, 5% Local Materials : 50%, 75% Reuse of Salvaged Materials : 2. 5%, 5% Certified Wood Based Materials and Furniture : 50%, 75% Indoor Environmental Quality Tobacco Smoke Con trol Daylighting : 50% Fresh Air Ventilation Exhaust Systems Enhanced Fresh Air Ventilation : 30% Low VOC Materials Carpets : 5% Building Flush Out Daylighting : 75%, 85%, 95% Cross Ventilation Innovation and Design Process Innovation and Design Process Innovation and Design Process Innovation and Design Process IGBC AP Total Required 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 13 Mandatory Requirement 1 Mandatory Requirement 2 Mandatory Requirement 3 IEQ Credit 1. IEQ Credit 2. 0 IEQ Credit 3. 0 IEQ Credit 4. 0 IEQ Credit 5. 0 IEQ Credit 6. 0 IEQ Credit 7. 0 Required Required Required 2 2 2 1 1 3 2 13 INN Credit 1. 1 INN Credit 1. 2 INN Credit 1. 3 INN Credit 2. 0 1 1 1 1 4 80 Required 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 12 Required Required Required NA 2 2 NA NA 3 2 9 1 1 1 1 4 75 IGBC Green Homes Certification Levels Rating Certified Silver Gold Platinum Projects with Interiors 32 – 39 40 – 47 48 – 59 60 – 80 Points Projects without Interiors 30 – 36 37 – 44 45 – 55 56 – 75 1 9 SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING Site Selection and Planning 20 SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING Local Regulations Mandatory Requirement 1 Goal: Construction SubmittalTo ensure that the building complies with the required statutory regulatory codes. Compliance Options: The following measures need to be ensured: †¢ †¢ Approval of the plan from the competent Government authority Fit for occupancy document from the competent Government authority Documentation Required: Provide an approved plan and / or fit for occupancy documents obtained from the competent Government authority. Provide photographs / as-built drawings of the completed building. Approach and Methodologies: Survey the statutory requirements in the area that the building is constructed. Ensure that these requirements are incorporated at the design stage. 21 SITE SELECTION AND PLANNINGSoil Erosion Mandatory Requirement 2 Goal: To control soil erosion and thereby reduce negative impacts to the site. Compliance Options: Ad opt the following measures: Construction Submittal v Ensure erosion control measures that conform to the best management practices highlighted in the National Building Code (NBC) of India. v Ensure that topsoil is stockpiled for reuse later. v Develop appropriate measures to address soil erosion, post occupancy. Documentation Required: Provide photographs to show stockpiling of topsoil. Submit a description on the measures implemented / provide the erosion control plan adopted. Submit a post occupancy erosion control plan.Approach and Methodologies: Evolve strategies to stockpile top soil and reuse later for landscaping purpose or stockpiled soil can be donated to other sites for landscaping purpose. Consider adopting measures such as temporary and permanent seeding, mulching, earth dikes, silt fencing, sediment traps, and sediment basins as appropriate. Open areas can be landscaped (eg. , grass, trees, shrubs). Paved areas can be installed with permeable paving. For impermeable sur faces direct all run off towards storm water collection pits. 22 SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING Basic Amenities Site Credit 1. 0 Goal: Design Submittal Point: 1 To reduce the negative impacts from automobile use and enhance the overall quality of life by providing amenities.Compliance Options: Select a site with access to atleast five amenities, within a walking distance of 1 Km (see list in Exhibit A) AND In multi-dwelling units, provide seating area & toilets in the common area and tot-lots within the campus. Note: This point can be earned only if the amenities are available before or at the time of project completion. Documentation Required: Provide an area map (to scale) indicating the path and distances from the proposed building to the household amenities or public transport systems. Provide photographs. Approach and Methodologies: Select sites near public transit and / or household services and amenities that are accessible by safe, convenient pedestrian pathways. Only restauran ts can be counted twice and all other amenities to be considered only once. 23SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING Exhibit A – List of Basic Amenities †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Grocery store Electrician / Plumbing services School Dhobi / Laundry Bank / ATM Creche Fitness Center /Gym Library Medical clinic / Hospital Pharmacy Post Office / Courier service Place of Worship Restaurant Supermarket Other neighborhood-serving retail Electricity / Water utility bills payment counter Playground Jogging track 24 SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING Natural Topography or Landscape : 15%, 25% Site Credit 2. 0 Goal: Construction Submittal Points: 2 Minimise disturbances to the building site so as to reduce long-term environmental impacts. Compliance Options: Avoid disturbance to site by etaining the natural topography of the site and / or design landscape for at least 15% of the site area. Points are awarded as below: Points for retaining natural topography or landscaping Percentage of site area with natural topography and/or landscaped area > 15% > 25% Notes: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Parking areas, walkways etc. , are considered as site disturbances. Landscape refers to soft landscaping which include only vegetative materials. Natural topography in its broad sense means preserving natural features of the terrain. Landscaped areas over built structures such as roofs, basement etc cannot be considered for the purpose of calculation of landscaped area. Potted plants will not be considered as landscape. Points 1 2Documentation Required: Provide drawings, calculations and photographs showing the site area with natural topography (and / or) landscaped area. Approach and Methodologies: Design the building with a minimal footprint (by tightening design needs and stacking floor plans). Consider retaining the natural topography in the site or design landscape t o the extent possible. In sites which have fully grown trees, avoid destruction. Avoid developing paved surfaces on the site, as much as possible. 25 SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING Heat Island Effect – Roof : 50%, 75% Site Credit 3. 0 Goal: Construction Submittal Points: 2 Reduce heat islands (thermal gradient differences between developed and undeveloped areas) to minimise impact on microclimate.Compliance Options: Use material with high solar reflectance and thermal emittance (such as, white china mosaic or white cement tiles or any other highly reflective materials) and / or provide vegetation to cover atleast 50% of the exposed roof areas. Points are awarded as below: Points for Heat Island Effect – Roof Percentage of green roof/ high reflective material > 50% > 75% Note: Exposed roof area does not include areas occupied by equipment such as HVAC, solar water heater, photovoltaic etc. , Documentation Required: Provide roof drawings highlighting location and the extent of highly reflective roof materials / green roof provided.Approach and Methodologies: To maximise energy savings and minimise heat island effect, select materials that exhibit high reflectivity and high emissivity. Consider providing green roofs or using highly reflective materials over roof to reduce the heat island effect. Typical materials with high reflective properties include china mosaic, white cement tiles, paints with high Solar Reflective Index (SRI) values etc. , Points 1 2 26 SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING Parking Facilities for Visitors Site Credit 4. 0 Goal: Design Submittal Points: 1 To provide adequate parking within the site to minimise disturbance caused due to parking on public roads and thereby enhance quality of life.Compliance Options: Parking capacity to be provided as per local byelaws and parking for visitors to be provided as follows: †¢ †¢ For individual homes provide 1 visitor car park For multi-dwelling units provide an additional 10% parking are a over and above the local code, reserved for visitors only. Documentation Required: Provide calculations on parking provisions as per local regulations. Submit plans indicating the visitor car park area. Approach and Methodologies: Design the building to ensure adequate parking provisions are made to cater to the occupants as well as the visitors. Parking provisions should take into account two wheelers and four wheelers. While designing parking facilities, consider basement/ stilts parking to reduce the heat island effect. When surface parking is planned, consider permanent cover; or other design strategies to address heat island effect as a result of such provisions. 27SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING Electric Charging Facility for Vehicles Site Credit 5. 0 Goal: Design Submittal Point: 1 To encourage the use of electric vehicles to reduce pollution from automobile use. Compliance Options: Provide electric charging facility within the site, as follows: †¢ †¢ For individual h omes provide atleast one such facility For multi-dwelling units provide electric charging facility, to cover 10% of the total parking capacity reserved for building occupants and visitors. The electric charging facility should cater to both two wheelers and four wheelers. Documentation Required: Provide parking plans showing provisions for electric charging facility.Provide calculations demonstrating that these facilities meet the credit criteria. Approach and Methodologies: Survey the type of electric vehicles already plying on the roads and also survey the kind of vehicles which may come up in the future. Create facilities so as to charge these kinds of vehicles. Consider having adequate number of charging facilities based on the charging time. While considering such charging facilities, ensure that all safety aspects have been addressed. 28 SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING Design for Differently Abled Site Credit 6. 0 Goal: To ensure that the building can cater to differently abled pe ople Compliance Options: Design Submittal Point: 1The building design should incorporate the following provisions for differently abled people, as applicable: †¢ Appropriately designed preferred car parking spaces in an area which has easy access to the main entrance or closer to the lift (one parking space for every 100 dwelling units) Provision for easy access to the main entrance Uniformity in flooring level/ ramps in common areas Rest rooms (toilets) in common areas designed for differently abled people Braille and audio assistance in lifts for visually impaired people †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Documentation Required: Provide drawings showing provisions for differently abled people. Also submit photographs.Approach and Methodologies: Identify all probable facilities required to cater to differently abled people. Design the building to ensure that certain basic minimum provisions for differently abled people are incorporated. 29 SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING Green Home G uidelines – Design & Post Occupancy Site Credit 7. 0 Design Submittal Point: 1 Not applicable for projects with interiors Goal: Provide prospective buyers and occupants with descriptive guidelines that educate and help them implement green design features within their apartment / houses. Compliance Options: Marketing and design stage: Include green design features proposed along with details of the green homes rating pursued in the marketing brochures.Post Occupancy stage: Publish green home guidelines providing information that helps occupants to implement green ideas. Documentation Required: Provide a copy of the marketing brochure along with green design features. Also submit a copy of the ‘Green Home Guidelines’ which will be given to the occupants. Approach and Methodologies: Develop a summary of sustainable design features incorporated in the Green Home project. Also include tips and guidelines which can be considered by the occupants in designing the inter iors. 30 WATER EFFICIENCY Water Efficiency 31 WATER EFFICIENCY Rainwater Harvesting, 50% Mandatory Requirement 1 Goal: Construction SubmittalTo increase the ground water table or to reduce the usage of water through effective and appropriate rainwater management. Compliance Options: Provide rainwater harvesting or storage system to capture atleast 50% of the runoff volumes from the roof surfaces. In coastal areas where the groundwater table is shallow and water percolation is limited, collection tanks may be provided meeting the above requirement. Runoff coefficients for Typical Surface Types S. No 1 2 3 4 5 Note: For normal annual rainfall refer Metrological Department data at http://www. imd. gov. in Documentation Required: Provide details on the rainwater harvesting system specifying storage capacity and volume of water captured. Provide details of captured rainwater.Approach and Methodologies: Survey the water table in the area. Design appropriate harvesting system based on the sub-surface characteristics. Factors to be considered include weathering, fractures & joints for rocky sites and thickness of aquifer for sedimentary sites. Capture rainwater from roof top for reuse. The design should also include flushing arrangement to let out impurities in the first few showers. Such pollutants and impurities include paper waste, leaves, bird droppings, dust, etc. Surface Type Cemented/ tiled Roof Roofs Conventional Roof Garden ( 500 mm) Runoff Coefficient 0. 95 0. 95 0. 95 0. 30 0. 10 32 WATER EFFICIENCY Water Efficient Fixtures Mandatory Requirement 2Goal: To minimise indoor water usage by installing efficient water fixtures. Compliance Options: Construction Submittal Select water fixtures whose average flow rates / capacities meet the values mentioned in the table below: Baseline Flow Rates / Capacity for Water Fixtures in a Typical Household S. No 1 2 Items Flush fixtures Flow fixtures Units LPF LPM Base line average flow rates / capacity 6/3 12 * At a flowin g water pressure of 3 bar Notes: †¢ †¢ Flow fixtures include faucets, basin mixer, taps, showers, shower mixers. The baseline flows can be demonstrated at flowing water pressure of 3 bar. Flowing water pressure of 3bar does not mean that the water supply in the building is at 3 bar. The uilding fixtures can operate at lower pressures but to show compliance under this credit, the design flow rates are to be submitted at 3 bar. The average flow rate is a simple arithmetic average of all the respective flush / flow fixtures. †¢ Documentation Required: Submit data manual by product manufacturer to confirm that conditions above have been satisfied. Approach and Methodologies: While selecting water fixtures, look for the efficiencies. The product catalogue or the brochure may detail the flow rates at various pressures. Fixtures are available with ultra high efficiency which can reduce substantial quantity of water consumption. 33 WATER EFFICIENCY Turf Design : 20%, 40% Wate r Credit 1. 0Goal: To limit such landscape which consumes large quantities of water. Compliance Options: Design Submittal Points: 2 Limit the use of turf on the site so as to conserve water. Points are awarded as below. Points for Limited Use of Turf Turf area as a percentage of total landscaped area < 20% < 40% Points 2 1 Areas planted with turf should not exceed a slope of 25 percent (i. e. , a 4 to 1 slope). Notes: †¢ †¢ This point is applicable only for those projects which have atleast 15% of the site area landscaped. Landscape refers to soft landscaping which include only vegetative materials. Documentation Required: Provide a landscape plan specifying the species used.Provide photographs. Approach and Methodologies: During landscape design minimise turf to the extent possible. Select plants, shrubs and trees which consume less water. 34 WATER EFFICIENCY Drought Tolerant Species : 25% Water Credit 2. 0 Goal: Landscape to be designed to ensure minimum consumption of w ater. Compliance Options: Design Submittal Points: 1 Ensure that atleast 25% of the landscaped area is planted with drought tolerant species. Notes: †¢ †¢ This point is applicable only for those projects which have atleast 15% of the site/ plot area landscaped. Drought tolerant species are those species that do not require supplemental irrigation.Generally accepted time frame for temporary irrigation is one to two years. Documentation Required: Provide a landscape plan indicating the percentage of landscaped area which uses drought tolerant species. Also provide a list of the species used and highlight their drought tolerant nature. Approach and Methodologies: Select species that are well-adapted to the site. Select those species which are drought tolerant. Consider xeriscaping as an approach for landscaping. 35 WATER EFFICIENCY Management of Irrigation Systems Water Credit 3. 0 Goal: Construction Submittal Points: 2 Reduce the demand for irrigation water through water-eff icient management techniques.Compliance Options: (1 point for any three features) Provide highly efficient irrigation system incorporating atleast two features mentioned below: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Provide a central shut-off valve Provide a moisture sensor controller Turf and each type of bedding area must be segregated into independent zones based on watering needs Atleast 50% of landscape planting beds must have drip irrigation system to reduce evaporation Install time based controller for the valves such that the evaporation loss is minimum and plant health is ensured Use pressure regulating devices to maintain optimal pressure to prevent water loss Any other innovative methods for watering Documentation Required: Provide a detailed description of managing the irrigation systems installed. Provide landscape plans with the names of the species. Provide cut sheets and photographs of the systems installed.Approach and Methodologies: The irrigation management system must be designed based on the requirements of the landscape plan, and installed as per the design. The designer and the installer must work together and ensure the planned performance of the system. 36 WATER EFFICIENCY Rainwater Harvesting, 75%, 95% Water Credit 4. 0 Goal: Construction Submittal Points: 2 To increase the ground water table or to reduce the usage of water through effective and appropriate rainwater management. Compliance Options: Provide rainwater harvesting system to capture roof water generated from roof area to utilize in landscape irrigation or indoor water usage. In coastal areas where the groundwater table is shallow and water percolation is limited, collection tanks may be provided meeting the above requirement.Points are awarded as below: Points for Rainwater Harvesting Rainwater Harvesting System to capture / recharge †¢ 75% runoff from roof area †¢ 95% runoff from roof area Notes: †¢ †¢ In areas where recharging the aqu ifier is not feasible, collection and reuse may be considered. For normal annual http://www. imd. gov. in rainfall refer Metrological Department data at Points 1 2 Documentation Required: Provide details on the rainwater harvesting system specifying storage capacity and volume of water captured. Provide details of captured rainwater. 37 WATER EFFICIENCY Approach and Methodologies: Survey the water table in the area. Design appropriate harvesting structure based on the sub-surface characteristics. Factors to be considered include weathering, fractures & joints for rocky sites and thickness of aquifer for sedimentary sites.Capture rainwater from roof top for reuse. The design should also include flushing arrangement to let out impurities in the first few showers. Such pollutants and impurities include paper waste, leaves, bird droppings, dust, etc. 38 WATER EFFICIENCY Grey Water Treatment : 50%, 75%, 95% Water Credit 5. 0 Goal: Construction Submittal Points: 3 Reduce the consumption o f water by in situ treatment of grey water generated so as not to pollute the municipal streams. Compliance Options: Provide an on-site grey water treatment system to treat atleast 50% of grey water generated in the building, to standards suitable for flushing and landscaping purpose.Points are awarded as below: Points for Grey Water Treatment Grey Water Treated as a Percentage of Total Grey Water generated in Building †¢ 50% †¢ 75% †¢ 95% Note: Grey water is neither clean nor heavily soiled waste water that comes from clothes washers, bathtub, showers, bathroom wash basins, kitchen sinks and dish washers. More specifically, it is the untreated waste water which has not come into contact with toilet waste. Documentation Required: Provide a detailed description of the on-site grey water treatment system. Provide photographs / cut sheets from the manufacturers. Provide water balance of the building. Provide details of usage of treated grey water within the building. Poi nts 2 3 39 WATER EFFICIENCY Approach and Methodologies: Calculate the grey water volumes generated in the building. Design appropriately the capacity of the on-site grey water treatment system. While designing the treatment system, ensure that the treated grey water meets the required quality standards based on its purpose of application. Have signages all around the building to caution occupants and housekeeping staff that this water is not potable. 40 WATER EFFICIENCY Treated Grey Water for Landscaping : 50%, 75%, 95% Water Credit 6. 0 Goal: Construction Submittal Points: 3 Reduce demand for fresh water by using treated grey water for landscaping.Compliance Options: Reduce atleast 50% of potable water requirement for landscaping by using treated grey water generated within the site. AND The treated grey water for reuse must conform to the quality standards as prescribed by Central / State Pollution Control Board. Points are awarded as below. Points for Treated Grey Water for Lands caping Percentage of Treated Grey Water Treated used for Landscaping †¢ 50% †¢ 75% †¢ 95% Points 1 2 3 Note: This point can be claimed only if the grey water that is reused is treated in situ. Documentation Required: Provide a detailed description of landscaping water requirement and how the treated grey water or rain water will meet this requirement. Also provide calculations on quantity and quality of grey water reused. 41WATER EFFICIENCY Approach and Methodologies: Install an adequately sized grey water treatment plant. Ensure that the quality of the treated grey water is fit and safe for reuse. Prioritise the use of treated grey water such that irrigation requirements are given top priority. Excess treated grey water can also be used for flushing and make-up water for air-conditioning systems. Ensure periodic testing of the treated water to meet the quality standards as prescribed by Central / State Pollution Control Board. 42 WATER EFFICIENCY Treated Grey Water f or Flushing : 50%, 75%, 95% Water Credit 7. 0 Goal: Construction Submittal Points: 3 Reduce demand for fresh water by using treated grey water for flushing requirements.Compliance Options: Provide separate water plumbing lines for flushing purpose and source atleast 50% of the flushing water requirements from the treated grey water available. AND The treated grey water for reuse must conform to the quality standards as prescribed by Central / State Pollution Control Board. Points are awarded as below. Points for Treated Grey Water for Flushing Percentage of Treated Grey Water Treated used for Flushing †¢ 50% †¢ 75% †¢ 95% Note: This point can be claimed only if the grey water that is reused is treated in situ. Documentation Required: Submit drawings showing separate plumbing lines for treated grey water. Provide calculations to show the quantity of grey water used for flushing.Points 1 2 3 43 WATER EFFICIENCY Approach and Methodologies: Evaluate the water consumption in the building and ascertain the quantity of grey water generated. Also evaluate the availability of grey water for flushing purposes and accordingly install the dual plumbing lines. Design the plumbing system accordingly. 44 WATER EFFICIENCY Water Efficient Fixtures : 20%, 30% Water Credit 8. 0 Goal: To minimise indoor water usage by installing efficient water fixtures. Compliance Options: Construction Submittal Points: 3 Select water fixtures whose average flow rates / capacities are lower than the given baseline values for all the items mentioned below.Points are awarded as below: Points for Water Efficient Flow Fixtures Points Awarded S. No 1 2 Items Flush fixtures Flow fixtures * Base line Average Flow / Capacity 6/3 12 Units LPF LPM Water consumption 20% lower than baseline 1 Water consumption 30% lower than baseline 1 2 * At a flowing water pressure of 3 bar Notes: †¢ †¢ Flow fixtures include faucets, basin mixer, taps, showers, shower mixers. The baseline flows ca n be demonstrated at flowing water pressure of 3 bar. Flowing water pressure of 3bar does not mean that the water supply in the building is at 3 bar. The building fixtures can operate at lower pressures but to show compliance under this credit, the design flow rates are to be submitted at 3 bar.The average flow rate is a simple arithmetic average of all the respective flush / flow fixtures. †¢ Documentation Required: Submit data manual by product manufacturer to confirm that conditions above have been satisfied. Provide calculations to show the percentage of water savings. 45 WATER EFFICIENCY Approach and Methodologies: While selecting water fixtures, look for the efficiencies. The product catalogue or the brochure may detail the flow rates at various pressures. Fixtures are available with ultra high efficiency which can reduce substantial quantity of water consumption. 46 WATER EFFICIENCY Water Metering Water Credit 9. 0 Goal: Design Submittal Points: 1To encourage continuous monitoring and enhance the performance of the residential dwelling unit(s). Compliance Options: Provide water meters for any three of the following: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Treated grey water consumption Landscape water consumption Rain water reuse Airconditioning cooling tower make-up Hot water consumption Any other major source of water consumption such as, swimming pools, water fountain, common car wash facilities Documentation Required: Describe the metering equipment installed. Provide cut sheets for the meters installed. Approach and Methodologies: Identify all the major water consuming areas and install systems to monitor their consumptions.Develop and implement a measurement and verification mechanism to compare predicted water savings to actual water consumption. 47 ENERGY EFFICIENCY Energy Efficiency 48 ENERGY EFFICIENCY CFC-Free Equipment Mandatory Requirement 1 Goal: Design Submittal To avoid the use of such refrigerants and ozone layer depleting gases which will negatively impact the environment Compliance Options: Refrigerants used in Heating, Ventilation & Air-conditioning (HVAC) equipment and unitary air-conditioners installed must be CFC-free. Documentation Required: Provide a declaration signed by a responsible party declaring that the building HVAC systems do not use CFC based refrigerants. Approach and Methodologies: Survey the market for all CFC-free HVAC systems.Such systems are also available in smaller capacities. Install HVAC equipment which does not use CFC based refrigerant. 49 ENERGY EFFICIENCY Minimum Energy Performance Mandatory Requirement 2 Goal: Design Submittal Optimise energy efficiency of the building to reduce environmental impacts from excessive energy use. Compliance Options: The project should achieve the following minimum number of points as illustrated under the Energy Credit 1. 0: Type of Building Non Air-conditioned Air-conditioned Minimum number of points to be achieved 3 4 For further detail s, refer to Energy Credit 1. 0. 50 ENERGY EFFICIENCY Energy Performance Energy Credit 1. 0 Design Submittal Points: 10

The Art of Bartending

Bartending is probably one of the few jobs where flair and moves get you the high pay. Serving drinks, tossing bottles in the air while making a drink in your mixer, attending to the clientele and keeping the bar well organized pretty much makes up the life of a bartender. JOB DESCRIPTION A bartender has four major functions in the bar. 1. Means of entertainment: In some bars, the bartender becomes part of the entertainment, for example in â€Å"Coyote Ugly â€Å"the bartender is the direct source of entertainment.Dave Acevedo, director of the Baltimore Bartender School LLC in Baltimore City, agrees, calling personality the most important ingredient. It's all about keeping people in your bar, he said. That means you have to entertain them. Half of your job is mixing drinks and the other half is entertaining the customers (Mosher 1) 2. Serving Drinks: Of course, bartenders aren’t bartenders if they don’t know how to mix drinks. A bartender must know how to mix the drin ks that customers request. Customers will look poorly at a bar with inexperienced bartenders.Take the time now to look at the second hand of your watch and allow 20 seconds to pass – it seems like an eternity. However, while the bartender is stirring or shaking, he or she also is putting on a show for the customers, and I've seen many people become almost mesmerized when watching a good bartender prepare a drink properly. (Reagan 44) Being a bartender shouldn’t be just about making and shaking drinks. It also has to have some entertainment value to it. Adding flair to the creation of your beverages could also mean bigger tips.This will also keep customers busy while your in the process of creating the drinks. 3. Payment and maintenance: Of course, bartender cannot keep serving drinks without collecting payments, also at the end of the day the bartenders have to take an inventory of the liquor and the glassware. Order must be maintained when running a bar. Bars cannot a fford to have a bartender breaking glassware or misplacing shakers because of lack of organization. In some bars, bartenders don’t need to do these duties because there are people called bar backs who attend to it 4.Clientele service: The bartenders’ main duty is to reflect the image and atmosphere of the bar. In reality, bartenders are like the information network of a bar. He/she has to be learned in some fields like sports or movies, sometimes even the profile and status of their patrons. REQUIREMENTS AND TRAINING *Completion of secondary school level is required *Completion of a college course or any course pertaining to drinks mixing *Responsible Beverage service certificate maybe required by the employer These of course are just technicalities. You don’t necessarily have to go to a bartending school to be an excellent bartender.Great bartenders usually start out as barbacks (a bartenders assistant) and take it from there. but if you have a reasonably price d bartending school in the immediate area it is suggested that you take the course just to get the â€Å"feel† of pouring and mixing drinks. The last thing a bartender wants is to get screamed at by the manager for under or over pouring drinks. Another advantage of going to bartender school is you get an idea on how to mix hundreds of different drinks, which of course a bartender needs. Experience really counts when you are hired. What makes Freeth such a cocktail whiz?â€Å"I've been involved in the industry since I was knee-high,† he explains. â€Å"I grew up in a pub, first worked in Ibiza at 16, ran bars at university, then did seasons in Crete and elsewhere. † He can add a degree in Leisure and Business Management and a Masters in Business Management and Entrepreneurship. Moreover, he is still only 25 (Sims 46). As you can see from his experience, growing up in a pub and going to different bars really gave him an edge in the business. PHYSICAL DEMANDS One o f the greatest physical demands that bartenders have to overcome is working the graveyard shift.Depending on the bars that you will work for a bartenders shift usually starts from around nine or ten in the evening to around five in the morning. This varies of course because some bars open earlier. This would throw your body clock into a fit especially if you are used to working the daylight shift. One other thing is you have to be able to know when a person is already intoxicated and know how to handle them â€Å"It's important because the liability now is on the bars and bartenders. If somebody drinks too much, goes out and gets in an accident, they have the right to sue the bartender,† Rich said.â€Å"Training protects the server as well as protecting everybody else. † (qtd. in Fenwick 1). More so, if that in the case of intoxication is a minor, a bartender could find himself in jail for serving alcoholic beverages to minors. The last thing a bar wants is a lawsuit o n one of their bartenders. STATISTICS According to the U. S Labor Department (Bureau of Labor statistics), 495,307 bartenders working in the country as of 2006, and the projected number of employed bartenders would reach 550, 952 by 2016. SALARY AND BENEFITS Average salary: $22,890, plus tips [Annual]Demand: Good. Bartending remains a good job for those with top skills, as people have more disposable income for entertainment. Competition can be tight for top jobs with good tips. Qualifications: Must be at least 21 and know local laws. Bartending school or on-the-job training; experience, personality, and talent will mean better jobs and tips. (Boston Globe U. 15) The values shown above vary if you’re on the level. If you’re taken by a five star hotel or restaurant, you could expect the wage to be higher. A bartender’s salary is around minimum wage.Ranging from around 10 to 12$ per hour gross. After taxes it would probably be around 7-8$ an hour. The real bulk of pay bartenders receive is the tip. A great bartender could earn twice his salary for remembering drinks or socializing with the establishments’ patrons. â€Å"A little bit of show makes more dough,† says Drobiarz with a smile (Lopez 1). This of course is an understatement when it comes to bartending. Some bars and restaurants give free meals during the shift of their bartenders. Most bartenders like most workers get paid holidays and vacations.In some cases, for bartenders that wok in hotels or restaurants like TGI Fridays, they get health insurance and the sort. INTERVIEW An interview with a Bartender in Toronto named â€Å"Renan Mendiola† gave me an idea of what a bartender’s life feels like. He said that the most important traits a bartender should have is attentiveness, flexibility and great memory. He says that a bartender’s life isn’t just mixing and pouring. It’s more of socializing with your customers. He says that it doesnâ €™t only keep you from getting bored, sometimes it also keeps the tips high.Sometimes keeping an open ear and giving good advice could really help in terms of tips. Works Cited Alexandra Fenwick. â€Å"Taking a shot: Training may be required for bartenders†. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News Washington: Feb 4, 2007. pg. 1 Boston Globe. â€Å"Hospitality and Food Service; [1 Edition]† Boston, Mass. : 15 October 2006. pg. U. 15 Lopez, Elias E. †Bartending instructor Mark Drobiarz teaches ABC's of mixing drinks: Bartending instructor Mark Drobiarz not only teaches his students the ABC's of mixing drinks, he also shows them how to add showmanship to their work† Knight Ridder Tribune Business News.Washington:25 December 2006. pg. 1 Mendiola, Renan. E-mail interview. 3-5 December 2007. Mosher, James. â€Å"Bartending industry is always changing and evolving†. The Daily Record. Baltimore, Md. :2 December 2005. pg. 1 â€Å"Occupation Report. † U . S Department of Labor. 15 December 2007 http://data. bls. gov/oep/nioem/empiohm. jsp Regan, Gary. â€Å"Instructor finds he can learn a thing or two from his bartending students. † Nation's Restaurant News. New York: 22 September 2003. Vol. 37, Iss. 38; pg. 44 Sims, Fiona. â€Å"Shaken all Over†. Caterer & Hotelkeeper. Sutton: Jul 1-July 7, 2004. Vol. 193, Iss. 4330; pg. 46